Dissertations / Theses: 'South Africia' – Grafiati (2024)

Abstract:

In this article the term ‘African leafy vegetables’ was adopted to refer to the collective of plant species which are used asleafy vegetables and which are referred to as morogo or imifino by African people in South Africa. Function is central in thisindigenous concept, which is subject to spatial and temporal variability in terms of plant species that are included as a resultof diversity in ecology, culinary repertoire and change over time. As a result, the concept embraces indigenous, indigenisedand recently introduced leafy vegetable species but this article is concerned mainly with the indigenous and indigenisedspecies. In South Africa, the collection of these two types of leafy vegetables from the wild, or from cultivated fields wheresome of them grow as weeds, has a long history that has been intimately linked to women and their traditional livelihoodtasks. Among poor people in remote rural areas the use of these types of leafy vegetables is still common but nationwide thereis evidence of decline, particularly in urban areas. Cultivation of indigenous or indigenised leafy vegetables is restricted toa narrow group of primarily indigenised species in South Africa. Seven groups of indigenous or indigenised African leafyvegetables that are important in South Africa were given special attention and their local nomenclature, ecology, use andcultivation are discussed.

Abstract:

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Currently, South Africa is a leading intra-continental foreign direct investor in Africa, ingeneral, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular. The internationalisation of South Africanenterprises has throughout the period following the advent of the new dispensation in 1994assumed two forms: banking and non-banking cross-border expansions. These cross-borderexpansions have largely involved greenfield, merger and acquisition and joint venture typesof investment. Increased trade between South Africa and the region and huge business andinvestment opportunities have been the pre-eminent motive forces behind the country's nonbankingand banking foreign direct investment drive into Sub-Saharan Africa.A number of studies have been conducted about South African general outward foreigndirect investment, but none so specifically about the involvement of the South Africanmultinational banks in this cross-border expansion by the country's multinational firms. In fact,no obvious and composite information is readily available about the "how" aspect of theinvolvement. It is the objective of this study therefore to investigate "how" South Africanbanks with multinational behaviour have facilitated and continue to facilitate the way forSouth African foreign direct investment in Sub-Saharan Africa.The outcome of the research effort makes for an interesting discovery that demonstrates howSouth African banks indeed facilitate South African outward FDI flows into the Sub-Saharanregion. A case study illustration in this research report clearly shows that banks, driven bytheir own foreign direct investment interests, were simultaneously facilitating and driving nonbankingforeign direct investment in the region. Benefits and costs are also accruing to firmsand countries (host country and home country to a lesser degree) involved in the crossborderinvestment activities.South African outward foreign direct investment, although very important to Sub-SaharanAfrica, has serious challenges to contend with in the region. Pockets of conflict and instabilityin some countries with lucrative opportunities continue to bedevil South African foreign directinvestment. Policy and regulatory environments in some countries still remain to be adownside for the attraction of South African outward foreign direct investment, includingbanking foreign direct investment. Interestingly, South African govemment is keenly involvedto ensure that trade and investment in Sub-Saharan Africa flow uninterruptedly withoutprejudicing any party.Trade and investment opportunities are indeed the key motives for South African outwardforeign direct investment into Sub-Saharan Africa. The ''follow-your-client'' paradigm is largelyresponsible for the South African multinational banks' drive across the border into the region.This ''follow-your-client'' concept in the South Africa foreign direct investment context andother related concepts must be further researched in much greater detail and widerapproach. But this does not take away the essence and significance of this study which,amongst other things, provides a good foundation for future research undertakings.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Huidiglik is Suid-Afrika die voorstander in die intra-kontinentale vaste buitelandseinvestering in Afrika in die algemeen en spesifiek in Sub-Sahara Afrika. Dieinternasionalisering van Suid-Afrikaanse besighede het na 1994 twee vorme aangeneem,t.w. die uitbreiding van bank- en nie-bankinvestering. Die uitbreiding sluit in samesmeltingsen venootskappe van investeringsgeleenthede. Verhoogde handel, investeringsgeleenthedeen besigheid tussen Suid-Afrika en Sub-Sahara Afrika was die dryfkrag agterdie land se vaste buitelandse beleggings.Aigemene studies is gedoen van Suid-Afrikaanse buitelandse beleggings, maar niks sospesifiek soos die samewerking van Suid-Afrikaanse banke met die banke van buitelandsemultinasionale firmas nie. Daar is geen inligting vrylik bekombaar oor die 'hoe' van diebuitelandse beleggings nie.Die doel van hierdie studie is om juis te bepaal hoe Suid-Afrikaanse banke tans en op diepad vorentoe te werk gaan om vaste buitelandse investerings met multinasionalebesighede in Sub-Sahara Afrika uit te brei.'n Teoretiese grondslag van die debat, definisies en begrip van die konsep "vastebuitelandse investering" vorm deel van die ondersoek, waar beide primere en sekonderedata gebruik is.Moeite is gedoen om te verseker dat die data en inligting wat gebruik is, gebaseer is opdie "global research methodology", wat insluit vraelyste en elektroniese onderhoude.Hierdie terugvoering wys daarop dat Suid-Afrikaanse banke inderdaad pro-aktief is in dieveld van uitwaardse vaste beleggings in die Sub-Sahara area. Banke doen nie net hul eievaste buitelandse investerings nie, maar fasiliteer dit vir nie-bank vaste buitelandsebeleggings. Dit lei tot voordele en kostebesparings vir firmas in die proses vanbeleggingsaktiwiteite.Alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse vaste beleggings belangrik is vir ander Afrikastate, is daar ookheelwat slaggate om in ag te neem. Onstabiliteite in lande met aansienlikeinvesteringspotensiaal maak dit moeilik vir Suid-Afrika om te investeer. In baie lande hetreels en regulasies nog steeds 'n negatiewe invloed op buitelandse investerings, watbanke insluit.Handel en beleggingsgeleenthede is die motief vir Suid-Afrikaanse investering in SubSaharalande. Die gesegde "follow your client" is die dryfkrag agter die Suid-Afrikaansebanke om te investeer. Daar moet meer ondersoek gedoen word oor die "follow yourclient" konsep. Hierdie verslag is dus slegs 'n begin punt waarop daar uitgebrei moet worddeur verdere ondersoeke.

Abstract:

African markets are complex environments for foreign multinationals. The continent, which has recently attracted significant attention for its rich potential and growth prospects, presents a multitude of challenges for the South African retailers that have led retail expansion across the continent. This study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the challenges experienced by these firms in expanding into other African markets, and how they have managed and nurtured this process.A qualitative research approach was used to investigate the experiences of senior decision makers, with insights from industry experts, in the expansion of firms into culturally and contextually diverse African markets. Ten in-depth interviews were conducted and extensive secondary data was analysed to build on constructs identified in existing literature, and used to identify new constructs in exploring the capabilities and expansion patterns of South African retailers operating in other African markets.This study confirmed that South African retailers have developed a variety of capabilities suitable for operating in African markets. The research further confirmed that these firms use SA Inc. as a country specific advantage in their expansion, and leverage their inter-firm networks to gain a better understanding of African markets and their consumers. The combined results from the research findings are summarised graphically to develop two strategic options for international retailers choosing to enter African markets. The study essentially provides a deeper understanding of formal retail in Africa, how South African firms have been leaders in this sector outside their home market, and how other international retailers might leverage this new knowledge.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
vn2016
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

Abstract:

Magister Artium - MA
This portfolio of poems, prose poems and short fiction pieces is quasi-autobiographical and tracks the trajectory of my life, from childhood in Cape Town (‘pre-exilic’) to emigration abroad (‘exilic’) and return to Cape Town in late middle age (‘post-exilic’). Themes explored include the deceptive nature of memory and the risk of imbuing a childhood recollected in later life with affective or narrative nostalgia; the psychologically dislocating nature of exile on personal identity and notions of home; and Cape Town as both an imaginary construct and a multi-layered reality: specifically, ‘my’ Cape Town – now as well as half a century ago – and ‘other’ Cape Towns, reflecting a diversity of highly unequal experiences within this city. The dominant mode of expression chosen to explore these largely personal themes is confessional.

Abstract:

Bibliography: pages 93-99.
This paper will attempt to answer the over-arching question: Will South Africa benefit from a free trade agreement with the EU? It will not attempt thorough empirical analysis of this question. Instead, it will offer theoretical insight to certain of the policy questions raised about the proposed EU-South Africa FTA. The relevant body of theoretical literature is one which will facilitate an economic assessment of the impact of the proposed EU-South Africa FTA by considering short-term benefits and losses, in addition to longer term dynamic gains, of trading agreements between two countries. Regional integration, appropriately modified, can deliver this body of theory. That is, it does raise the key issues in assessing the necessary costs and benefits of further integration on both trading partners.

Abstract:

African elephants (Loxodonta africana) are ecosystem engineers in that they substantially alter the environment through their unique foraging and feeding habits. At high densities, elephants potentially have negative impacts on the environment, specifically to large trees. Because of this, recent increases of elephants in the Associated Private Nature Reserves (APNR) on the Western Boundary of Kruger National Park, South Africa have caused concern regarding the health of several species of tree. My objective was to assess the effectiveness of wrapping protective wire netting around the trunk of the tree in preventing and reducing bark stripping by elephants. 2,668 trees, 1352 marula (Sclerocarya birrea), 857 knobthorn (Acacia Nigrescens), and 459 false marula (Lannea schweinfurti), were assessed for elephant impact in the APNR, 1387 (52%) of which had previously been wrapped in protective wire netting (789, 548, and 50 respectively). For knobthorn and marula, wire netting significantly decreased the number of the trees that were bark stripped. For all trees, wire netting decreased the level of bark stripping especially for the highest impact levels. No trees wrapped with wire were ringbarked, compared to 23 unwired trees. In addition, wire netting had an effect on the distribution of damage for the highest impact class incurred regardless of type. A higher relative frequency of wired trees were found in lower impact categories compared to unwired trees. Wire netting is a low maintenance and ecologically valuable technique that alleviates bark stripping for some species. The judicial use of wire netting on trees could serve to maintain elephant and trees populations in areas of heavy confinement with locally high densities of elephants.

Abstract:

The Fourth National Conference of the APDUSA, held in Ezibeleni, Queenstown on 15/16 April 1995, must be marked as one of the most significant events in the history of the organisation. Taking place one year after the establishment of a new political order in South Africa, it was a pertinent time to assess its import in the face of the critical problems that still beset the nation. The achievement of the universal franchise, after long years of bitter struggle, has indeed been a signal victory for the labouring masses of South Africa. But it is a victory that has brought no improvement in the socio-economic conditions of their existence. Still suffering on the anvil of oppression and exploitation, the millions of workers and land-starved peasants are fast losing faith in the ability of the new Government of National Unity to solve their problems. The struggle for liberation has thus entered a new phase. But the oppressed are also faced with a crisis of leadership. Their organisations of struggle are in disarray, with many of those who formerly occupied leading positions, having departed to take up positions in the institutions of government. In this situation, the task of mapping out the programmatic basis of the future course of their struggle, is one of utmost importance. These are the questions that commanded the attention of the APDUSA conference. Against the background, it is fitting that the large majority of those participating in the conference were members of the new generation. Theirs was a major contribution. After a thorough assessment of the new needs of the struggle, conference resolved to redefine and sharpen the political programme of the APDUSA. In so doing, it remains governed by its commitment to the interests of the workers and the landless peasantry in both its short term and long term objectives.

Abstract:

Perceived predation risk alters animals’ behavior. This shift in behavior often comes at the cost of attaining resources. Generally, African elephants (Loxodonta africana) experience little predation pressure; however, the risk of predation by lions (Panthera leo) increases other prey species are less abundant. In elephant herds, related females and their offspring travel together in family groups, led by the eldest female. Response to predation pressure was examined by playing lion calls to the population of 437 elephants at the Main Camp Section of Addo Elephant National Park (AENP) in South Africa. Unfamiliar lion calls from a single male and two males, static, and running water were played from a remote speaker to elephants at waterholes. These trials were recorded by video. Behaviors of elephants were then extracted from video into focal observations of thirty second segments before, during and after a sound was played. I analyzed these data using parametric t-tests and non-parametric randomization tests. When no sound was played, elephants did not alter their behavior. Water elicited low levels of distress behaviors. Elephants behaved in a threatened or annoyed manner toward static. Elephants changed their behavior more in response to lion calls than to the controls, namely by decreasing drinking and increasing walking and distress behaviors. I also examined how individuals differed in their responses to the lion calls based on a number of demographic factors. Adult and subadult females performed more social behaviors after lion calls when the matriarch was absent than when she was present. Furthermore, when group size was larger and more calves were present, females decreased drinking and increased time exhibiting distress behaviors. Based on this and other studies it can be concluded that elephants of different demographics perceived similar levels of elevated risk when hearing lion calls. Landscape of fear models are useful for assessing habitat use by prey species in response to real and perceived predation risk. The present study corroborates findings from a study in East Africa that elephants perceive threat from lions based on calls alone and appear to distinguish levels of threat by the number of lions calling.

Abstract:

Bibliography: pages. 63-66.
This research consists of a wide literature review on deregulation and privatisation of airline business world wide. The emphasis is on the benefits of airline privatisation. The idea was to attempt to find out whether the deregulation of South African Airways (SAA) indeed brought about the changes that are expected of a commercial concern. These changes included cost cutting strategies and charging economically efficient fares as well as abandoning unprofitable routes. Some personal contact with the SAA Public Relations Officers in Cape Town and Johannesburg was used to gather the data used in the research. The Transnet and the Competition Board annual reports were other major sources of data. The analysis was accomplished by scrutinising the SAA financial statements as to whether SAA followed all the requirements implemented when deregulation was introduced. An econometric test was used to check whether there was any improvement in capacity utilisation at SAA as was expected to happen after deregulation. The findings from this research are that SAA did introduce new measures to try to be profitable and cut costs, such as, reducing the labour force and abandoning unprofitable routes. SAA also stopped cross-subsidisation practise, whereby loss making routes were financed by profitable ones. In general SAA introduced measures that can be expected from a profit maximising firm which is under pressure to tum profits. However, these changes have not yet produced consistent results as far as profit is concerned and is supported by the econometrics test which does not support the expected hypothesis that since SAA is now operated on commercial basis, should be able to tum profits and be efficient.

Abstract:

After many deadlocks, accusations of negotiating in bad faith, marches and lunch-time pickets, more than 600,000 Public Sector Workers went on strike on 24 August 1999. The government then unilaterally implemented a 6.3% increase for public servants against their original demand of 10-15% increase. "The dispute goes back to January 1999, to a workshop dealing with the budgetary process. At this meeting the Department of Finance outlined its Medium-Term Expenditure Framework, for the first time to the public sector workers. In the MTEF the parameters for wage cuts, and 'non-negotiability’ were already set. All unions in the public service bargaining council presented their wage demands - 10% to 15%” [COSATU paper on Public Sector Workers Fight for a Living Wage.] Thereafter COSATU and government officials met over the next few months until May 1999, when a dispute was declared. On the 29th March 1999, COSATU commented ‘To the Unions it is clear, government is not prepared to negotiate - it has already made up its mind’ [COSATU document - Public Sector Workers Fight for a Living Wage] During the period May-June COSATU Unions decided to “throw their weight behind the ANC election campaign.’’[ibid.]. By the August 1999 the unions compromised their demand from 10% to 7.3% increase. Towards the end of August the government unilaterally implemented ei 6.3% increase for public sector workers, and 4% increase for itself. It then went on an ideological media campaign against the workers claiming that the 4% increase for members of parliament is much less than what has been granted to the public sector workers.
Vol. 5 no. 3

Abstract:

The movement of African migrants from their countries of origin to other countries in search of a better future will continue to increase. However, such movement is accompanied by many challenges. Literature indicates that African migrants in South Africa face challenges such as cultural differences, exploitation and xenophobia. In the context of migration, migrants and citizens constantly interact with one another. The relational patterns between African migrants and citizens accordingly need to be understood in order to promote the well–being of both groups.Various theories on human behaviour interactions on a community, systemic, interpersonal and relational level informed the present study with a view to casting light on the dynamic interactions between African migrants and citizens. These theories included community psychology theory, sense of community theory, socio–ecological systems theory, contact theory, psychological acculturation theory and complex responsive processes of relating theory. In this study, all the theories are based on the notion that the well–being of migrants and citizens depends on the quality of their relationships with each other and that patterns of meaning and relating are continuously self–organised in the course of human interaction. The theories further explain the relationships between people as well as the interactive dynamics and context that may contribute to their well–being as communities.The present study is a secondary analysis of the data that were collected in a larger international research project in 2009. In the present study, the researcher did qualitative secondary analysis and thematic content analysis on the raw data collected in the larger 2009 study. The data were collected by means of the Mmogo–method?, focus group discussions, in–depth interviews, semi–structured interviews and narrative inquiry. Forty–four individual participants with ages ranging from 18 to 50 years and 10 families with ages ranging from 14 to 59 years were purposively selected for the larger 2009 study. All the participants were African migrants from other African countries who had migrated to South Africa. These migrants were residing in Gauteng and the North West Province when the initial data (2009) were collected.In the initial study the aim was to understand African migration in a comparative context by exploring themes on citizenship, belonging and intergenerational relations of African migrants in South Africa, France and Britain. It was discovered that relational dimensions between the African migrants and black South African citizens were mentioned in the data that were obtained from the larger 2009 study, but not reported on. The research question that guided the secondary analysis in the present study was therefore: What are the relational experiences of African migrants in respect of their fellow migrants and black South African citizens? Thus the aim was to understand the patterns of relating and interaction between African migrants and black South African citizens.The findings of the present study indicated that in contexts of significant risks associated with migration, the relationships amongst migrants provided them with opportunities to belong, to share and to be human. Such nurturing relationships supported migrants and led to positive adaptation on the part of the migrants, despite abusive, restrictive and discriminative sociopolitical and economic environments. The study also describes the interactions between migrants and citizens in terms of relational qualities of African migrants’ acculturation in a new cultural and social environment. Migrants with the relational quality of flexibility displayed sensitivity to the new context and were able to benefit on a personal level from the new cultural relations. However, migrants who displayed a rigidity as relational quality and who were insensitive to the new cultural context, experienced rejection, isolation, disillusionment and discord. Finally the findings revealed that the relational interactions between migrants and citizens are embedded in disenabling socio–economic and political environments present in South Africa. Socio–economically, migrants are perceived as threats to available resources and on a political level they become the victims of xenophobia. The study describes the continuously self–organised relationships between migrants and citizens in terms of complementary relationships whereby citizens move towards a controlling position and migrants have to accept a submissive position in the relationship. Citizens adopt a linear approach by viewing the interaction with migrants only from their own perspective and migrants are expected to conform to the language used by citizens; to accept that they are not welcome; to accept that they are blamed for stealing jobs; and that they are often excluded from interactions with citizens. Migrants tend to be visible only in terms of their differences and due to this are often treated as invisible.The present study contributed to the awareness that interactions between migrants and citizens are inevitable but, also, that these interactions can be optimised by concentrating on relational qualities that can promote positive interactions such as warmth and unconditional acceptance of one another and a reflective attitude towards how they as migrants and citizens impact on one another. Migrants and citizens need to understand that their relationship is determined by how they interact with one another as complex systems. Migrants and citizens as individuals can construct ongoing interactions that promote their well–being and bring about positive relationships that can lead to new outcomes in the migration phenomenon.
Thesis (PhD (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Abstract:

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree Master of Music (Performance) in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 1997.
The central aim of this study is to identify those features in the music of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens that derive from Indigenous African music and show how they have been transformed to become part of popular idioms.All black South African popular music idioms are heavily reliant upon indigenous sources, not only from the compositional, but from the performing and interactive community points of view. In the case of the music of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens, the influence of Zulu culture is particularly strong, although features of others traditions represented in Black urban society are also perceptible. The reasons for the Zulu orientation of the groups lie in the predominantly Zulu make up, as well as the large number of Zulus that make up black South African urban population.Of course, such Indigenous features as can be observed in their music have not necessarily been transferred directly from their original sources: the process of acculturation of the dominant characteristics of tribal rural musical practices with appropriate Western popular idioms began early on in this century, resulting in such representative urban forms as Marabi, Khwela and Mbube. More sophisticated forms and modes of expression have incorporated, and been based on these early manifestations, resulting in hybridised musical genres that reflect the broad and diverse base of African popular music in South Africa today. Ladymith Black Mambazo, Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queens count among the pioneers of the Mbube, Mbaqanga and the urban popular styles.It is through the medium of Mbube and Mbaqanga that Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Mahlathini and the Mahotella Queenshave established their popular base initially in the townships, then through the record industry, and, latterly, in the spread of shebeen culture into affluent white- dominated venues such as the Get-Ahead shebeen in Rosebank. Johannesburg. Through the music of the group it is possible to examine the development of a particular style traditional/popular acculturation as well as the social and political themes that have found their way into the black popular music of the 1980s and 1990s.This research will thus serve as an analytical guide to the music of Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Yvonne Chaka Chaka, Mahlathini and the Mahotell Queens, particularly regarding the issue of acculturation, it will also serve as a case study in the composer-performer-listener chain which underpins any sociologically-orientated investigation into popular culture and it will be argued that the artefacts of popular culture can only be investigated in this way.

Abstract:

The Sub-Saharan African economic environment has experienced growth in the last two decades. This has led to capital inflows into the continent, which has meant that multinational companies have entered the market in search of growth and capital. Due to this, multiple banks have expanded their operations throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The role that banks play on the African continent is vital as they provide a reliable conduit for capital to enter the market while also promoting economic growth in the countries in which they operate. As one of the largest economies on the continent, South Africa is home to the largest banks in Africa, many which have expanded their operations into the continent. This dissertation is a qualitative case study focusing on the expansion strategies used by some of the South African banks that expanded into SSA. The dissertation aimed to understand which entry strategies led to successful expansions, how the banks defined the success of the expansion as well as what challenges the banks experienced. The dissertation found that successful expansions are driven by the appetite, persistence and level of conviction within the organisation about their expansion strategy. The more consistent and ardent the financial intuition is regarding their strategy, the higher the possibility of achieving a successful expansion. The level of management and organisational support for the strategy, as well as the number of operations the institution established played a role. The financial investment that the organisation undertook for the expansion was also an important factor for success.

Abstract:

Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
South Africa is currently not considered a wine-drinking nation. The consumption per capita rate is very low, especially for a wine-producing country. To date, the wine industry has grown due to exports allowed since sanctions were lifted in 1994. With the export market set to decelerate over the next few years, the wine industry will have to develop the domestic market, especially the black consumer market for future growth. The emerging black market of South Africa has materialised as the strongest buying influence in the economy. They have an overwhelming desire to have access to a lifestyle, which in the past was not possible. While they are status and lifestyle orientated, they want products and brands that are aspirational and close to them. Understanding this market and the potential they pose is vital for the wine industry’s future. Wine marketers need to understand this target market’s thoughts and perceptions around wine, as this market is still largely untapped. The emerging black market has had little exposure to wine compared with other alcoholic drinks such as beer, brandy and the ready-to-drink category and the wine industry will have to look at a comprehensive strategy to target them.It is the purpose of this study to provide detailed insights into the emerging black market of South Africa in connection with wine consumption. Initially, a literature review was conducted to investigate this target market and the wine industry’s current situation. Various marketing tools were discussed designed to specifically target the emerging black market. Based on this information, a consumer survey was conducted amongst black MBA students of the University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB). The data was analysed and conclusions were drawn that answered the questions and objectives of this study.The analyses showed that the wine industry should focus on the women segment of the emerging black market, as they are the current group interested in wine. Other main findings included that wine needed to be positioned as an aspirational product; that brand ambassadors in large social networks should be identified; and finally that the wine industry and all its stakeholders should work together to educate the emerging black market and collectively apply the various marketing techniques found to be popular.

Abstract:

The 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association’s (FIFA) World Cup (WC) would be the first time that a FIFA WC would be hosted on the African continent. This study was aimed at describing the South African City of Tshwane (COT) general volunteers’ experiences of volunteering at the 2010 FIFA WC. The FIFA Volunteer Programme consists of two groups of volunteers: Local Organising Committee (LOC) volunteers and each Host City (HC) volunteers. The COT volunteers are HC volunteers from the Tshwane Metropolitan Area (TMA). Volunteers are active in a variety of different contexts, namely in the community, volunteers at sport clubs or schools and also at mega sport events. Volunteers make it possible to host a mega sport event because they provide their time and effort without expecting remuneration or they receive a stipend amount. The existing literature of volunteers at mega sport events investigated what motivated volunteers to participate as well as how satisfied the volunteers were with the experience. The aim of this study was to describe COT general volunteers’ experiences of preparing (preparation phase) for the 2010 FIFA WC; COT general volunteers’ experiences during (participation phase) the 2010 FIFA WC, as well as the South African COT general volunteers’ experiences on their involvement (reflection phase) at the 2010 FIFA WC was described. The methodology employed in this study was Descriptive Phenomenology and the Duquesne Phenomenological Research Method was used to analyse the material. The differences between Descriptive Phenomenology and Interpretive Phenomenology were described. The material consisted of a written account as well as an interview, which was based on the essences that were portrayed in the written accounts. There were five participants — three spectator services volunteers and two rights protection volunteers. All of the participants were female. The findings of this study were divided into the preparation phase, participation phase and the reflection phase. In the preparation phase the COT general volunteers described two essences namely, the application process and training. In the participation phase the COT general volunteers experienced four essences namely, the working of shifts, interaction with volunteers, interaction with supervisors and lastly interaction with tourists. In the reflection phase the volunteers described two experiences, growth and value. This research project contributes to sport psychology because this study describes the experiences of volunteers at the 2010 FIFA WC.
Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Psychology
unrestricted

Abstract:

Thesis (MMil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Following South African entry into the Second World War on 6 September 1939, the UnionDefence Force (UDF) transformed from an ageing peacetime defence force into a modernarmed force capable of projecting offensive power. During the interwar period a certain stateof melancholia had existed in the UDF in terms of military innovation, which resulted inmuddled thinking in the UDF in terms of armoured warfare and mechanisation. The offensivepotential of armoured forces was simply not understood by the South African defenceplanners, with the result that there was only a token armoured force in the UDF inSeptember 1939.The South African entry into the war was the impetus for the development of a viablearmoured force within the UDF, and the South African Tank Corps (SATC) was establishedin May 1940. Changes in both the nature and organisational structure of the South Africandefence establishment followed. The Italian presence in Abyssinia and Italian Somalilandwas seen as a direct threat to the neighbouring British East African territories, and SouthAfrica deployed to Kenya during June 1940, soon after the Italian declaration of war.The South African deployment to East Africa was the first deployment of the UDF in asituation of regular war since the First World War. Despite the doctrine that underpinned theSouth African deployment of armoured forces in East Africa, the SATC units soon learnedthat the accepted doctrine, borrowed from the British War Office during the interwar period,was but a mere guide to offensive employment. The story of the South African deployment toEast Africa during the war is used as a lens through which to investigate the role andemployment of both the UDF armoured cars and light tanks. By separately discussing theAllied offensives through Italian Somaliland and southern Abyssinia during 1940-1941, thetactical and operational employment of the South African armour during this time becomesparamount when evaluated against their successes and failures. The nature of the opposingItalian forces in East Africa, the ever-changing topography and climate of the theatre ofoperations, and the nature of the South African offensive operations throughout thecampaign, all combined to shape the novel way in which the armoured cars and tanks of theSATC were employed throughout 1940-1941. The operational experiences that the UDFgained during the campaign in East Africa shaped the further deployments of South Africanarmour to North Africa, Madagascar and Italy during the remainder of the war.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na Suid-Afrika se toetrede tot die Tweede Wêreldoorlog op 6 September 1939, het dieUnieverdedigingsmag (UVM) verander vanaf ‘n verouderde vredestydse weermag na ‘nmoderne mag met offensiewe projeksievermoëns. Gedurende die tussenoorlogperiode het‘n gevoel van swaarmoedigheid in terme van militêre inovasie in die UVM geheers. Dieresultaat hiervan was verwarde denke ten opsigte van pantseroorlogvoering enmeganisasie. Die Suid-Afrikaanse verdedigingsbeplanners het nie die offensiewe potensiaalvan pantsermagte verstaan nie. Die gevolg was dat die UVM in September 1939 slegs oor‘n simboliese pantsermag beskik het.Die Suid-Afrikaanse toetrede tot die oorlog het die stukrag vir die ontwikkeling van ‘nlewensvatbare pantsermag binne die UVM verleen. Gevolglik is die Suid-AfrikaanseTenkkorps (SATK) in Mei 1940 gestig. Veranderinge in beide die aard en organisatoriesestruktuur van die Suid-Afrikaanse verdedigingsinstellings het gevolg. Die Italiaanseteenwoordigheid in Abessinië en Italiaans-Somaliland is as ‘n direkte bedreiging vir dieaangrensende Britse Oos-Afrika gebiede gesien. In Junie 1940, kort na die Italiaanseoorlogsverklaring, is Suid-Afrikaanse magte na Kenia ontplooi.Die UVM ontplooiing na Oos-Afrika was die eerste in ‘n gereelde oorlogsituasiesedert die Eerste Wêreldoorlog. Ten spyte van die doktrine wat die Suid-Afrikaanseontplooiing van pantsermagte na Oos-Afrika ondersteun het, het die SATK-eenhede gougeleer dat die aanvaarde doktrine, ontleen aan die Britse Ministerie van Oorlog gedurendedie tussenoorlogsjare, slegs ‘n gids was tot offensiewe aanwending. Die storie van die Suid-Afrikaanse ontplooiing in Oos-Afrika gedurende die oorlog, word as ‘n lens gebruik waardeurdie rol en aanwending van beide die UVM se pantserkarre en ligte tenks ondersoek word.Die geallieerde offensiewe deur Italiaans-Somaliland en suidelike Abessiniȅ gedurende 1940– 1941 illustreer duidelik dat die taktiese en operasionele aanwending van die Suid-Afrkaanse pantsermagte gedurende hierdie tydperk van groot belang was vir die suksesseen mislukkings van die veldtog. Die aard van die opponerende magte in Oos-Afrika, dievoortdurend veranderende topografie en klimaat van die operasionele teater, asook die aardvan die Suid-Afrikaanse offensiewe operasies gedurende die veldtog, het gekombineer omdie unieke manier waarop die pantserkarre en tenks van die UVM van 1940 tot 1941aangewend is, te vorm. Die operasionele ervarings wat die UVM opgedoen het gedurendedie Oos-Afrika Veldtog, het die verdere ontplooiings van Suid-Afrikaanse pantser na Noord-Afrika, Madagaskar en Italiȅ gedurende die res van die oorlog gevorm.

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Thesis (PhD (Epidemiology)-- University of Limpopo, 2011.
Acute poisoning constitutes one of the main reasons why patients visit emergency departments of hospitals. However, the burden and pattern of acute poisoning in African countries are not well established, hence the need for this study. This study was conducted in order to compare thepatterns of acute poisoning in three countries, namely, Botswana, South Africa, and Uganda. Specifically, this study examined the similarities and differences in the patterns of occurrence of acute poisoning based on the sociodemographic characteristics of the victims, the toxic agents involved, and the circ*mstances of the incidents.The study was based on six papers published on the topic. Papers I and II about Botswana covered a period of 24 months (January 2004 - December 2005) and six months (January - June 2005) respectively. The data from Uganda, as reported in Paper III, covered a six-month period (January-June 2005); while studies in South Africa, Papers IV to VI, covered respectively six(January-June 2005) and 18 months (January 2000-June 2001). A re-analysis of data from Papers II to IV was conducted after recoding age category and the grouping of toxic agents.In total, the six Papers reported data on 1780 patients; 54.8% of them were male. The median age was 24 years in Uganda, but as low as 17 years in Botswana and South Africa. In Botswana and South Africa, acute poisoning incidents occurred mostly in children younger than 12 years old, thendecreased among teenagers, and increased again among young adults, before decreasing among patients over 30 years old. On the contrary, in Uganda there was that less than 5% of childrenyounger than 12 years who were victims of poisoning. There was an increase in the prevalence of acute poisoning among teenagers and young adults before a decrease occurred among adults over30 years old. The overall case fatality rate was 2.1 %, ranging from 1.4% in Uganda, 2.4% in South Africa, to 2.6% in Botswana.With regard to similarities across the three countries, it was found that among teenagers, girls committed more deliberate self-poisoning than boys; while in young adults, men committed more self-poisoning than women. With regard to toxic agents, household products were involved in fatalPage 9 of 136outcomes in all three countries; while agrichemicals were more involved in deliberate than accidental poisonings; food poisoning affected more females than males.With regard to disparities across the three countries, the age and gender of the victims, the circ*mstances of the incidents and the types of toxic agents played a significant role. With regard to gender, the majority of the victims were males in Uganda, females in South Africa; while in Botswana, females and males were affected equally. Among teenagers, the toxic agents mostinvolved in the poisoning incidents were pharmaceuticals in Botswana; household chemicals in South Africa; but agrichemicals in Uganda.While the majority of incidents happened by accident in Botswana and South Africa, being respectively 76.7% and 59.1%; in Uganda, 64.5% of acute poisoning cases were deliberate self¬poisoning. Deliberate self-poisoning was responsible for 50% of deaths in Uganda, 30% in South Africa, but no death in Botswana. The majority of deaths occurred among teenagers in South Africa; in Uganda it was among adults over 30years; while in Botswana, the majority of deaths were distributed almost equally amongst children younger than 12years old and young adults.Diverse products were involved in fatal outcomes. In South Africa, pharmaceuticals, particularly drugs of abuse, cocaine and marijuana; as well as carbon monoxide, and organophosphates were involved in fatalities. While, in Botswana, the products involved were paraffin, traditional medicines, pharmaceuticals, food poisoning, plants, and snake envenomation. In contrast, inUganda, alcohol intoxication, organophosphates, carbon monoxide, and some unspecified household products lead to fatalities.Household chemicals were involved in the deaths of victims in all three countries; but the extent of their involvement differed from country to country. This group of products was responsible of 75% of deaths in Uganda, half of deaths in South Africa, and in a third of deaths in Botswana. Agrichemicals were involved in the deaths of victims in Uganda and South Africa, but not in Botswana. They were involved in a quarter of deaths in Uganda and 10% of deaths in South Africa.Page 10 of 136Plants and traditional medicines were involved in two-thirds of the deaths only in Botswana; while pharmaceuticals were involved in 40% of fatal outcomes only in South Africa.In conclusion, the contextual factors of each country led to a pattern of acute poisoning that showed some similarities with regard to the distribution of deliberate self-poisoning among females, teenagers, and young adult victims. However, there were disparities relating to the differential access to toxic agents, based on the age and gender of the victims. Moreover, though the casefatality rate was similar across the three countries, the distribution of deaths based on age, gender, circ*mstances of poisoning and types of toxic agents involved differed among the three countries.These findings suggest that multifaceted interventions should be implemented including policy development, enforcement of the existing legislation, and the establishment of a surveillancemechanism, in-service training of clinicians and revision of treatment guidelines. These interventions should be tailored to meet the specific realities of each country.

Abstract:

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Library and Information Studies)
The study investigated the information seeking behaviour of African immigrantswho live in the City of Cape Town, South Africa. The key objectives of the studywere to identify information needs and information seeking patterns of Africanimmigrants in the City of Cape Town; to identify barriers between informationand these immigrants; and to form strategies or suggestions for overcoming thesebarriers so that the organisations that serve immigrant communities may betteraddress these information needs. The study applied a mixed methods approach,which included both quantitative and qualitative methods. The two methods wereused as a combination in this research so as to take advantage of the strengths ofthe two approaches.The data collection tools were an administered questionnaire for quantitative dataand semi-structured interviews for qualitative data. Pre-testing of research tools,evaluation of research methods, and consideration of ethical issues were discussedto ensure validity and reliability of research findings. The quantitative data wereanalysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel, while the qualitative data wereanalysed using thematic content analysis. The overall response rate was 95% (228out of 240 sample size). The study was informed by Gary Burnett and Paul T.Jaeger’s (2011) Theory of Information Worlds.The study revealed that, upon African immigrants’ arrival in South Africa, theysearch for basic information to survive, such as information about jobs,accommodation and a means of self-improvement, including training and learningEnglish. These needs continuously persist as human beings always seek forimprovement in life.Over time the need for other types of information, such as information aboutdriving and recreation, including gymnasium training, and services, includinghealth services, also becomes prominent. Therefore, time is one of the factors thatinfluences African immigrants’ information needs. As they become establishedover time, some of their information needs change.The majority of participants who lived in the City of Cape Town for a long periodof time indicated that overall, they found information they needed from differentformal sources, including government offices, Non - Governmental Organisations(NGOs) and the internet, while those who were relatively new in the Cape Townarea mainly consulted friends and relatives for information.The findings of the study highlighted certain issues that African immigrantsexperience when searching for information. These issues hampered them to notfully access information in order to satisfy their needs. It included the inability tospeak English, lack of connections, policies and procedures, discrimination,racism and xenophobia, and a sense of social exclusion, to name a few.The study further revealed that interpersonal information seeking behaviourplayed a critical role in the lives of African immigrants, not only because of thelanguage barrier, which does not enable them to connect with the outside world,but also because of credibility and trustworthy networking.It was discovered that most African immigrants do not come to South Africa withthe whole family straight away without knowing someone already living here inSouth Africa. Men first come alone, as it is easier for men to survive all kinds ofsurprises of the journey, to live anywhere with friends while trying to save money,and to make sure they become comfortable with the new surroundings beforebringing the family.In this regard, they build information connections with other fellow Africanimmigrants at work, at church and in the area where they live. These new friendsbecome their primary sources of information. Having friends who look like them,share similar backgrounds or speak the same language builds trustworthiness andcredibility in African immigrants’ information seeking behaviour. This networkkept on growing as African immigrants meet new people throughout their lives inCape Town.Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that government; publiclibraries in the City of Cape Town and NGOs that serve African immigrants takethe English language barrier into consideration and create as many facilities aspossible where African immigrants can easily learn English at minimum cost. It is also recommended that government institutions, banks and other institutions thatmight interact with African immigrants create an environment that will be free ofall kinds of discrimination when providing information in order for Africanimmigrants to feel welcome and socially included.

Abstract:

Proefschrift Universiteit Twente, Enschede.
Op omslag: Intelligent transport systems in South Africa. Auteursnaam op omslag: Marianne Vanderschuren. Met lit. opg. - Met een samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Abstract:

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The many and varied links between student socioeconomic status and educational outcomes havebeen well documented in the South African economics of education literature. The strong legacy ofapartheid and the consequent correlation between education and wealth have meant that, generallyspeaking, poorer learners perform worse academically. The links between affluence and educationalquality in South Africa can partially explain this outcome since the poor receive a far inferior qualityof education when compared to their wealthier counterparts. This disadvantages them in the labourmarketand entrenches their poverty. This thesis uses the recent Southern and Eastern AfricanConsortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ III) dataset for South Africa toanswer three important questions: (1) Is South African primary education efficient? (2) Is SouthAfrican primary education equitable? and (3) What are the main factors that have a significanteffect on student mathematics and reading performance in Grade 6. The thesis shows that ahigh proportion of the country’s learners are functionally illiterate and functionally innumerate. Theresearch confirms previous findings that socio-economic status, and particularly schoolsocioeconomic status, is important when understanding student success or failure. Other factorswhich significantly affect student performance are homework frequency, grade repetition, andthe availability of reading textbooks. In contrast, teacher-subject knowledge was found to haveonly a modest impact on Grade 6 performance. Policy interventions associated with the findings arealso highlighted. The study concludes that South Africa is still a tale of two school sub-systems: onewhich is wealthy, functional and able to educate students, while the other is poor, dysfunctional,and unable to equip students with the necessary numeracy and literacy skills they should beacquiring in primary school. Finally, the thesis suggests that there are some options availableto policy-makers which are expected to have a positive effect on learner performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vele en diverse verbande tussen studente se sosio-ekonomiese status en onderwysuitkomste isgoed gedokumenteer in die Suid-Afrikaanse literatuur oor die ekonomie van onderwys. Die sterknalatenskap van apartheid en die gevolglike korrelasie tussen onderwys en rykdom beteken datarmer leerlinge in die algemeen akademies swakker vaar. Die verband tussen welvaart enonderwysgehalte in Suid-Afrika kan hierdie uitkoms gedeeltelik verklaar, omdat arm mense ʼn veelswakker gehalte van onderwys ontvang as rykes. Dit plaas hulle in ʼn swakker posisie in diearbeidsmark en bevestig daarmee hulle armoede. Die tesis gebruik die onlangse SACMEQ III datastelvir Suid-Afrika (SACMEQ is die akroniem vir die Southern and Eastern African Consortium forMonitoring Educational Quality) om drie belangrike vrae te beantwoord: (1) Is Suid-Afrikaanseprimêre skole doeltreffend? (2) Is Suid-Afrikaanse primêre onderwys regverdig verdeel? (3) Wat isdie belangrikste faktore wat studente se wiskunde en leesvermoë in Graad 6 beduidend beïnvloed?Die tesis toon dat ʼn groot proporsie van die land se leerlinge funksioneel ongeletterd en ongesyferdis. Die navorsing bevestig vorige bevindinge dat sosio-ekonomiese status, en veral die sosioekonomiesestatus van die skoolgemeenskap, ʼn belangrike bepaler van studente se sukses is. Anderfaktore wat studente se prestasie beduidend beïnvloed is hoe gereeld hulle huiswerk doen, of hulledie graad herhaal, en die beskikbaarheid van handboeke. In teenstelling daarmee is bevind datonderwysers se vakkennis net ʼn beskeie impak op Graad 6 prestasie het. Daar is ook klem opbeleidsingrypings wat uit die bevindinge spruit. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Suid-Afrikaanse onderwys steeds die storie van twee sub-stelsels is: een wat ryk is, goed funksioneer en instaat is om studente ʼn goeie opvoeding te bied, terwyl skole in die ander deel van die stelsel arm is,wanfunksioneel, en die vermoë ontbreek om studente toe te rus met die syfer- en leesvaardighedewat skole hulle behoort te bied. Ten slotte identifiseer die tesis opsies vir beleidmakers wat leerlingese prestasie sou kon verbeter.

Abstract:

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Francoise Vergés comments in her essay Let’s Cook! that “one could write the history of apeople, of a country, of a continent by writing the history of its culinary habits” (250 ).Vergés here refers to the extent to which food can be seen to document and record certainevents or subjectivities. Exploring a wide range of texts spanning the late 1800s up to thepost-apartheid present, this thesis focuses in particular on the ways in which “spice” ascommodity, ingredient or symbol is employed to articulate and/or embed creole and diasporicidentities within the South African national context.The first chapter maps the depiction of the “Malay” figure within cookery books, focussingon the extent to which it is caught up in the trappings of the picturesque. This visibility isoften mediated by the figure’s proximity to food. These depictions are then placed inconversation with the conceptual artist Berni Searle’s photographic and video installations.Searle visually interrogates the stagnant modes of representation that accrue around the figureof the “Malay” and moves toward understandings of how food and food narratives structurecultural identity as complex and mutable.Chapter two shifts focus from the Cape to the ways in which “Indian Cuisine” becamesignificant within the South African context. Here the Indian housewife plays a role inperpetuating a distinctive cultural identity. The three primary texts discussed in this chapterare the popular Indian Delights cookery book authored by the Women’s Cultural Group,Shamim Sarif’s The World Unseen and Imraan Coovadia’s The Wedding. Indian Delights.All illustrate the extent to which the realm of the kitchen, traditionally a female domain,becomes a space from which alternative subjectivities can be made. The kitchen as a place forcultural retention is explored further and to differing degrees in both The Wedding and TheWorld Unseen.Ultimately, indentifying cultural heritage through food enables tracing alternative andintersecting cultural identities that elsewhere, are often left out for neat and new ethnic,cultural or national identities. The thesis will in particular explore the extent to which spicesused within creole and/or diasporic culinary practices encode complex affiliations andconnections. Tracing the intimacies and the disjunctures becomes productive within the postapartheidpresent where the vestiges of apartheid’s taxonomical impetus alongside a newmulticultural model threaten to erase further the complexities and nuances of everyday life.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In haar artikel Let’s Cook! wys Francoise Vergés daarop dat die geskiedenis van ‘n mens, ‘nland of selfs ‘n kontinent saamgestel sou kon word deur te skryf oor die geskiedenis van hullekos en eetgewoontes (250).Vergés skep hier ‘n besef van individuele en sosiale identiteit watdeur kos geleenthede vasgevang kan word. Deur bronne vanaf die laat 1800’s tot die postapartheidperiode te bestudeer, fokus hierdie navorsing spesifiek op die wyse waaropspeserye as kommoditeit, inhoud of simbool gebruik word om die kreoolse en diasporieseidentiteite in Suid Afrika te bevestig of te bevraagteken.Die eerste hoofstuk lewer ‘n uiteensetting en beskrywing, soos verkry uit kookboeke, van diestereotypes wat vorm om die Maleise figuur. Daar word konsekwent gefokus op die matewaarin die sigbaarheid van die Maleise identiteit verstrengel word in ‘n bestaande raamwerkvan diskoerse. Die Maleise figure word dikwels meer sigbaar in die konteks van kos eneetgewoontes. Berni Searl se fotografiese en video installasies word gebruik om hierdiestereotiepiese visuele kodes te bevraagteken. Searle ontgin die passiewe wyse waarop dieMaleise persoon visueel verbeeld word en beklemtoon dan hoe kos en gesprekke oor kos diekulturele identiteit kompleks en dinamies maak.Hoofstuk twee verskuif die klem vanaf die Kaap na die wyse waarop die Indiese kookkunsidentiteit kry in die Suid Afrikaanse konteks. Die fokus val hier op die rol van die Indiesehuisvrou en haar kombuis in die bevestiging en uitbou van ‘n onderskeibare kultureleidentiteit. Die drie kern tekste wat in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek word is die wel bekende enpopulere Indian Delights kookboek wat saamgestel is deur die Women’s Cultural Group,Shamim Sarif se The World Unseen en Imraan Coovadia se The Wedding. Indian Delightstoon verder die mate waarin die kombuis as primere domein van die vrou, ‘n ruimte bied virdie formulering van alternatiewe subjek posisies. Die kombuis bied ook geleentheid virinherente subversie wat verder en op alternatiewe wyse ontgin word in die bronne TheWedding en The World Unseen.Deur kos te gebruik om kulturele identiteit te verstaan bied ook die geleentheid om kultureleoorvleueling te verstaan al mag sommige groepe beskou word as onafhanklik in huloorsprong en identiteit. Hierdie navorsing gee spesifiek aandag aan die mate waarin speseryeen die gebruik daarvan in kreoolse en diasporiese kookkuns die kompleksiteite,soortgelykhede, verskille en misverstande reflekteer. Dit is veral waardevol om te let opsoortgelykhede en verskille gegee dat die apartheidstaksonomie van die verlede en die huidige multikulturele model die rykheid en subtiele nuanseerings van die daaglikse bestaanverder kan erodeer.

Abstract:

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: "Poverty is unnecessary. People are capable of getting themselves out of poverty. All they need is opportunities. They are not waiting for charity or handouts. Charity is good but it is not good enough. If you turn it into a business proposition, then it's very powerful, because it can run on its own steam" (Muhammed Yunus, Nobel Prize of Economics, 2006).It is widely acknowledged in current literature that business is one of the most powerful forces for change in the 21 st century. One of the major challenges is to harness this potential and to allocate it accurately to where it is most effective. Leaders globally are increasingly acknowledging that new business models are emerging that can effectively combine citizenship and profitability without unduly sacrificing returns to shareholders, but rather enhancing them. The term Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been abandoned by most South African firms in favour of the term Corporate Social Investment. This has been done in order to divertattention from calls on business to redress the results of the country's historical contribution to the apartheid system. Businesses have responded strongly to the pressures of CSR. CSR in South Africa has become an inherent aspect of any organisation's overall business strategy. For South Africa to achieve their goals of reducing poverty, accelerating economic growth,and providing better services to their citizens there has to be a strong focus on encouraging large corporate involvement. This thesis discusses the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programmes implemented by selected large companies operating in South Africa and the attempts they have made toclose the poverty gap at the bottom of the pyramid. The second part of this thesis provides a closer and detailed discussion of South African Breweries enterprise development programmes, viz: Ukusa and Mahlasedi. The outcome of this thesis provides further evidence that poverty alleviation strategies can be effective and sustainable if they incorporate private sector approaches that promote entrepreneurial development within the target population in South Africa. It also emphasises that CSR programmes not only provide opportunity for the population at the bottom of the pyramid but directly influences the growth and sustainability of many businesses in SouthAfrica.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word oral in huidige literatuur erken dat besigheid een van die sterkste kragte vir verandering in die 21 ste eeu is. Een van die grootste uitdagings is om hierdie potensiaal te benut en om dit akkuraat toe te wys na waar dit die doeltreffendste aangewend kan word. Leiers wêreldwyd erken toenemend dat nuwe besigheidsmodelle verskyn wat burgerskap en winsgewendheid doeltreffend kan kombineer sonder oormatige opoffering vanwinste aan aandeelhouers maar trouens eerder deur die verhoging daarvan.Die term Korporatiewe Maatskaplike Verantwoordelikheid (KMV) was deur die meeste Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye ten gunste van die term Korporatiewe Maatskaplike belegging verruil. Dit is gedoen om aandag weg te lei van beroepe op ondememings om die gevolge van die land se historiese bydrae tot die apartheidstelsel reg te stel. Besighede het heftig gereageer op die druk van KMV. KMV in Suid-Afrika het 'n inherente aspek van enige organisasie se oorkoepelende besigheidstrategie geword. Vir Suid-Afrika om hierdie doelwittevan armoedevermindering, versnelde ekonomiese groei en beter diensverskaffing aan burgers te bereik, moet daar 'n sterk klem op die aanmoediging van korporatiewe betrokkenheid wees. Hierdie tesis bespreek die Korporatiewe Maatskaplike Verantwoordelikheidsprogramme (KMV-programme) wat deur geselekteerde groot Suid-Afrikaanse maatskappye geimplementeer is en die pogings wat hulle aangewend het om die armoede gaping aan die onderkant van die inkomstepiramide te vernou. Die tweede deel van hierdie tesis verskaf 'nfyner en breedvoeriger bespreking van die Suid-Afrikaanse Brouerye seOndernemingsontwikkelingsprogramme, nl. Ukusa en Mahlasedi. Die uitkoms van hierdie tesis verskaf verdere bewyse dat armoedeverligtingstrategieë doeltreffend en volhoubaar kan wees indien dit privaat-sektor benaderings inkorporeer wat entrepreneurskaps ontwikkeling binne die teikenbevolking in Suid-Afrika bevorder. Dit beklemtoon ook dat KMV-programme geleenthede vir die deel van die bevolking aan die onderkant van die inkomstepiramide skep, en terselfdertyd die groei en volhoubaarheid van talle ondernemings in Suid-Afrika regstreeks beinvloed.

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“It should not be forgotten that this ideological contribution impacted itself in a very real way on the whole national and democratic movement. It helped transform the ANC from its early beginnings of petition politics into a revolutionary nationalist movement.” Joe Slovo (in a speech delivered at the University of the Western Cape to mark the 70th anniversary of the SACP, 19 July 1991) At the time that the late Joe Slovo, former secretary of the South African Communist Party and former Minister of Housing in the first Government of national unity, made the speech the former party had about a year of legal existence inside the country after President FW de Klerk had unbanned all previously banned political parties in February 1990. Indeed the unbanning of political parties in South Africa was preceded by cataclysmic events in both Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe. General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev who was leader of the Soviet Communist Party was at the helm in Moscow. He introduced a number of policies whose main objective was to democratize Soviet society and do away with some of the undemocratic practices that were always associated with the policy of communism. Consequently, there was much talk about glasnost (openness) and perestroika during the period of President Gorbachev’s rule of Soviet Russia. The two policies were the main feature of his quest to modernize Soviet Russia and gradually move away from communism. The collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the fall of Nicolai Ceausescu in Romania and the disintegration of other East European countries like Yugoslavia signalled a death knell for East European socialism. The foregoing events also implied that the era of the Cold War between the West (led by USA, Britain, and West Germany et al) and East (led by the USSR, Poland, and East Germany et al) was over. The Cold War was a period of tremendous tension as Soviet Russia sought to spread its system of communism to Third World countries in Africa and South America. The West for its part tried to counteract by supporting forces which were opposed to communism in these countries. One can cite the example of Angola where Soviet Russia supported the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) led by Augustinho Neto which had adopted the system at the independence of the country in 1975. Jonas Savimbi led the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) which was opposed to communism and was supported by South Africa and other Western countries which were also opposed to the system of communism. In essence the Cold War was a contest between the West and the East in gaining converts to their respective belief systems. The collapse of communism was viewed by the West as triumph of its own belief system and the confirmation of the failure of communism. It is against the backdrop of these foregoing events that the South African Communist Party was unbanned together with other erstwhile banned on the 2nd of February 1990.The SACP which had much influence in the ANC in the late 1950s and early 1960s and much of the time the parties were in exile was unbanned against the backdrop of the foregoing events. Of interest to observers was whether the party after it was unbanned would be able to exert the same influence it did on the ANC during the time in exile. Would the SACP take over from the ANC after the democratic transition and impose a socialist state in South Africa even if globally the trend was to move away from communism/socialism? Would the ANC itself follow a system which had been shown to lack the ability to confront the challenges of the 20th century? Some political commentators viewed the relationship between the ANC and the SACP as that of a metaphorical rider (the latter) and donkey (the former). In essence they argued that the SACP was the one determining the general trajectory of the liberation movement and its economic policies in particular. This dissertation will show that the influence of the SACP within the Tripartite Alliance in general and the ANC government in particular swings like a pendulum. It depends on who is in charge as president of the ANC. Before and during the exile years as the ANC was led by the late Oliver Tambo, the party enjoyed relatively better influence within the former organizations. The two organizations co-operated well in many ventures like the Defiance campaign, drafting of the Freedom Charter and the establishment of Umkhonto Wesizwe in 1961. During the presidency of Nelson Mandela most SACP members were in the first democratic cabinet though they did not exert as much influence as would be desirable. The main economic policy that the ruling ANC advocated was under the umbrella of what was termed the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) and was not even the brainchild of the SACP but of the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU). In 1996 Thabo Mbeki, then deputy president to Nelson Mandela, came with the neo-liberal policy of Growth, Employment and Redistribution to try and salvage the South African economy which at the time was not performing at its best. Not only was GEAR unashamedly neo-liberal, it was also done without consultation of the SACP by its alliance partner the ANC. This engendered palpable tension within the alliance and led to name-calling from the party which derogatively referred to all the advocates of GEAR as the ‘Class of 1996’. The tension between the SACP and the ANC continued until former President Thabo Mbeki and his ‘Class of 1996’ were ousted from office in the 2007 ANC Polokwane elective conference. After the Polokwane conference, Jacob Zuma who had been Thabo Mbeki’s deputy president in both government and the ANC, assumed power. Zuma did not deviate much from the policies that were adopted by his predecessor though the SACP had played a significant role in bringing him to power. Just like Mbeki and Mandela before him, he had a number of SACP members in his cabinet and, in his case, some of them in key cabinet posts like Ebrahim Patel (a member of the SACP) who serves as Minister of Economic Development. Though he has these staunch members of the party in his cabinet, the Zuma administration has been able to adopt a neo-liberal economic policy which it has termed: National Development Plan which has been criticized by communists as no better than GEAR. This dissertation will show how the party sometimes struggle and sometimes wins that struggle to influence government policy.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
This study explores the contours, dynamics and impacts of African football migration to SouthAfrica. It argues that there has been a change in the international political economy of sport, and thatthis change is affecting world football migration. In addition to the study’s primary focus on Africanfootball migration, it also reviews substantial parts of the literature concerning the phenomenon offootball migration, in order to explain which dynamics characterise football migration. The thesisalso accounts for the incentives that motivate African football migration to South Africa, and theimpact such players have on the South African domestic elite league. The study identifies whichincentives exist for promoting football cooperation in the context of Southern Africa, and howfootball migration patterns correlate or contrast with general migration patterns to South Africa.The study makes use of two theoretical frameworks, by Paul Darby and Joseph Maguire, tounderstand and explain player migration. These frameworks provide an understanding of thedifferent aspects and structures shaping player migration, and should be interpreted ascomplementary and not contrasting approaches. The examination of the frameworks’ theoreticaldeficiencies and implications provides the basis for further research in the conclusion. Theconclusion argues that there exists a need to create a new theoretical framework within which futurestudies can be concluded.The study is motivated by the general lack of academic research on the specific subject andmigration to South Africa. The latter is suggested by the body of literature, concerning Africanmigration to South Africa, which argues for more research on the issue to get a better understandingof the current situation.This study is based on both primary and secondary sources, the latter being represented by e.g.academic journal articles and books. In addition it was necessary to conduct fieldwork to provideanswers to the research questions. The study makes use of exploratory qualitative methods in orderto provide a conclusion, and to answer the research questions. It can be characterised as exploratorybecause it will offer new insights into a specific issue which, until now, has not been researchedextensively.The analysis of the data and desktop research revealed certain trends, and provides a basis foranswering the research questions. The study concludes that football migration, like conventionalmigration, is very complex and influenced by several interwoven factors. Hence a broad scope iscrucial to understand the phenomenon correctly and not exaggerate the importance of some factorsabove others.In the conclusion the current position of the PSL is explained in relation to the two theoreticalframeworks and the work of Pierre Lanfranchi and Matthew Taylor. It is argued that the PSL, unlikemost other African leagues, has managed to cope with the ‘enduring problem of African football’,and has transformed into a commercialised, commoditised league heavily influenced by corporateinterests.

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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
Post-apartheid foreign policy has witnessed a fundamental shift in South African foreign policy objectives and strategies as the country has aimed to move from a pariah to a participant in the international community. Since 1994, South Africa has become an active player in the international system and has assumed an increasingly active role in international organisations. One distinct strand of South African foreign policy which has emerged is a commitment to the use and support of multilateralism. Yet, as the country has become increasingly active in multilateral fora, so too, it is argued, has it been torn between the promotion of its own interests and those of its African peers. At times South Africa is seen to vociferously champion African interests, and at others to sideline the interests of its African partners and the notion of the African Renaissance, in favour of its own interests.Yet, whilst inconsistencies in South African multilateral foreign policy exist, this study argues that overall, South Africa has actively and consciously attempted to establish itself as an African middle power within the international system, and to create a distinct niche for itself as “the voice of Africa” in multilateral fora. Employing a Middle Power approach and utilising the concept of niche-building diplomacy this study investigates first, South Africa’s middle power niche in the international system at large, before, secondly, investigating South Africa’s role at the World Trade Organisation.The study concludes that, while South Africa has continually attempted to establish itself as “the voice of Africa” in a range of multilateral fora and has acted in a manner consistent with this stated objective, it has acted contrary to its established niche at the World Trade Organisation since joining this organisation in 1994. Indeed, this study finds that whereas in other multilateral fora South Africa has acted as the standard-bearer of African interests, in the World Trade Organisation it has acted contrary to African interests time and again. The findings indicate that the Middle Power concept in international relations itself needs to be revisited, that South Africa’s role as a middle power in the international system requires greater investigation, and that further research is required on the roles played by other middle powers at the World Trade Organisation.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
BACKGROUND:Following the historical suppression of traditional medicines in South Africa, thegovernment published their National Health Plan in 1994 which made provision fortraditional healing as an integral and recognised part of the health care system, interalia, to establish a regulatory body for traditional medicines. Traditional medicineswere included in the National Drug Policy for South Africa in 1996. A policy ontraditional medicine was only drawn up in 2008 and is currently still in draft form.Some progress was made towards regulating traditional health practitioners; but verylittle towards regulating traditional medicines after its adoption into the NationalHealth Plan over a decade ago.The aim of the study was to investigate how traditional medicines in South Africa canbe effectively regulated with specific focus on the current status of traditionalmedicine regulation in South Africa; to highlight the challenges which have impededprogress towards regulating traditional medicines; and a review of regulatorystrategies for traditional medicines in Ghana, India and the People’s Republic ofChina in an attempt to identify viable solutions to pave an effective way for regulatingtraditional medicines in South Africa.METHODS:The research design was exploratory and qualitative in nature following a deductivethematic analysis of data collected using a traditional literature review process.RESULTS:The delay in regulating traditional medicines in South Africa is due to a number ofchallenges where the most prominent is due to a lack in national priority tocategorise African traditional medicine and to include it into the country’s nationalhealth system. Traditional medicines according to the World Health Organisation canbe classified for inclusion into national health systems either as integrative orinclusive. Each of these inclusion strategies were presented by the chosenjurisdictions studied. An integrative health care system such as that used by China was found to be resource intensive in nature. An inclusive health care system asused in Ghana and India did not require traditional medicines as an integral part ofthe health care system and there were no expectations for the same requirementsfor regulating traditional medicines and allopathic medicines. What became apparentfrom the study was that irrespective of the inclusion strategy followed, there are still anumber of challenges that obstruct the existence of an effective regulatoryframework for traditional medicines with an overwhelming common factor of theinstrumental role government play.

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The original publication is available at http://www.samj.org.za
Background. Mental disorders are a major contributor to the burden of disease in all regions of the world. There are limited data on the epidemiology of major depressive disorder in South Africa. Methods. A nationally representative household survey was conducted between 2002 and 2004 using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) to establish a diagnosis of depression. The dataset analysed included 4 351 adult South Africans of all racial groups. Results. The prevalence of major depression was 9.7% for lifetime and 4.9% for the 12 months prior to the interview. The prevalence of depression was significantly higher among females than among males. The prevalence was also higher among those with a low level of education. Over 90% of all respondents with depression reported global role impairment. Conclusion. In comparison with data from other countries, South Africa has lower rates of depression than the USA but higher rates than Nigeria. The findings are broadly consistent with previous findings in South Africa. These findings are the first step in documenting a level of need for care in a context of significant under-funding of mental health services and research in South Africa.
Publishers' version

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study shows that a close relationship exists between the South African wineindustry and South African financial institutions. Research indicated a need tounderstand the characteristics and complexity of the wine industry, as well as that ofcredit assessment. This is important for both industries to further develop andstrengthen their relationships.SA WIS provides statistics about various aspects of the South African wine industry.The wine industry is characterised by a fragmented basis. To strategically focus theindustry, the South African Wine and Brandy Company (SAWB) was established in2002.In the application for finance it is important for the applicant to know how credit isevaluated by financial institutions, and which aspects are of importance in theapplication. One cannot predict the future. The credit assessor therefore bases hiscredit decision on historical financial data, with the assumption that the trend willcontinue unless there are indications to the contrary.A specific wine industry credit application and evaluation process is discussed in thestudy. The final decision is only as good as the analysis, and the analysis is only asgood as the information gathered. This study thus provides evidence that with a betterunderstanding of the South African wine industry, financial institutions will be able toassess credit risks better. Similarly, the wine industry will benefit by a betterunderstanding of credit assessment when applying for finance. A detail SWOTanalysis was done on this industry.A summary was done of the most important finance needs of the South Afican wineindustry, compared to the financial products offered by the South African bankingindustry and the information required to do the credit assessment. The additionalinformation that the wine industry can supply to help the assessor to assess theapplication, is also listed.The study closes with proposals to the South African wine and banking industries onwhat to implement, in an effort to achieve a better relationship.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie toon dat 'n verwantskap bestaan tussen die Suid-Afrikaanse wynindustrieen Suid-Afrikaanse finansiele instellings. Navorsing toon aan dat daar 'n behoeftebestaan om die karaktereienskappe en kompleksiteit van die wynindustrie te verstaan,sowel as die van krediet keuring. 'n Beter verstandhouding is nodig om die tweeindustriee se verwantskap te versterk.SAWIS verskaf statistieke oor 'n verskeidenheid van die wynindustrie se aktiwiteite.Die wynindustrie het 'n gefragmenteerde basis. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Wyn enBrandewyn Maatskappy (SAWB) is in 2002 gestig, juis ten doel om die bedryfstrategies te fokus.Dit is belangrik vir 'n aansoeker van krediet om te verstaan hoe die finansieleinstelling kredietaansoeke evalueer, asook watter aspekte belangrik is om aan tespreek in 'n kredietaansoek. Die toekoms kan nie met sekerheid bepaal word nie. Diekredietkeurder baseer dus sy kredietkeuring op historiese data, met die aanname datdie tendens sal aanhou, tensy daar aanduidings is van die teendeel.'n Spesifieke wynindustrie kredietaansoek en evaluasieproses word bespreek in diestudie. Die finale krediet besluit is slegs soos goed soos die analise en die analise opsy beurt is weer net so goed soos die inligting wat versamel is. Die studie bewys dusdat met 'n beter begrip van die Suid-Afrikaanse wynindustrie, finansiele instellings'n beter kredietanalise evaluasie sal kan doen. Terselfdertyd sal die wynindustriebevoordeel word deur beter te verstaan hoe kredietaansoeke geevalueer word wanneervir finansiering aansoek gedoen word. 'n Detail SWOT-analise is op die bedryfgedoen.'n Opsomming word gedoen van die mees algemene finansieringsbehoeftes in diewynbedryf, gemeet teenoor die finansiele produkte aangebied en inligting vereis deurdie finansiele instellings. Addisionele inligting wat die wynbedryf kan bied ten eindedie kredietkeurder te help om die aansoek beter te kan evalueer, word ook gelys.Die studie sluit af met voorstelle aan die Suid Afrikaanse wyn- en bank industriee watgeimplimenteer kan word teneinde 'n beter verhouding te bewerkstellig.

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[Editor's Letter]: This 14th edition of Study South Africa foregrounds the celebration of 20 years of a democratic South Africa. Patrick Fish was commissioned to write a series of articles reflecting the development of South African Higher Education since 1994 for this edition. Reading through this the reader will hopefully experience a sense of the transformation of the South African Higher Education system. Although we all agree in South Africa that we are not done yet, we also recognise that given the South African realities, the change from a race based and fragmented system of higher education to a single but diverse system is well under way. The South African Universities transformed from mostly mono cultural to multicultural institutions that largely reflects the composition of the South African population. The University campuses also demonstrate the institutional appetite to be international. Not only do they jointly house more than 50,000 international students but are also involved in numerous ways in bringing the benefits of being globally connected to the local communities. We are one of the few higher education systems that largely fund our international activities from institutional budgets. This is one of the main reasons that South African Universities practice a style of internationalisation that is relevant to our institutional needs, as well as the local and national needs. Through our internationalisation endeavours we have connected with the rest of Africa in a very special way. Not only do we educate large numbers of students from other African countries but through the South African Higher Education alumni that now live all over the African continent we have built permanent connections that will enhance and develop long standing relationships. IEASA celebrates with all South Africans 20 years of democracy and realise that it is indeed a privilege to be practitioners in transformed ‘knowledge cities’. We are, however, saddened by the incidents of intolerance and destruction in other parts of the world that make the work of higher education institutions impossible, and can only in solidarity with those scholars at risk celebrate with deep appreciation the efforts and determination of those South Africans that made it possible for us to be Universities in a free and democratic society.

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[Editor's Letter]: Study South Africa over time provided an annual overview of the South African Higher Education landscape as well as a forecast of some of the issues that could influence higher education in general and higher education internationalization in particular in South Africa for the year ahead. The 2016/17 issue being the 16th edition of Study South Africa provides an overview of the sector and a short description of all South African Public Higher Education institutions. This year, the Study SA Guide provides information about the system as well as articles that begin to address critical issues influencing the sector. It is foreseen that this would become a general feature in editions to come. The article that introduces a fundamental change in operations of South African Universities, beginning in 2016 and continuing into 2016 is the issue of the student protests on high tuition fees in South Africa. The #FEESMUSFALL movement introduced a topic that is fundamental to the internationalization of South African Higher Education. This event that began as a reaction to the increase in student fees for the 2016 academic year mutated into a social movement on university campuses throughout South Africa that challenged the way Universities function. Although not a mass based movement, but rather a movement driven by a desire to change the current social order in South Africa by a radical fringe, its focus is to use the plight of insufficient funding within South African Higher Education and in particular, focusing on funding of the poor. For a large part the issues raised by students is not in the domain of Higher Education, but a competency of Government and broader society. The influence of the constant disruption of academic activities on all South African University campuses resulted in a tendency to be an inwardly focused system where most of the energy is spent on local issues. South African Higher Education is known for its international connectedness and the way the international world accepted it into their fold as a critical player in a variety of fields, bringing a different voice to global debates. The hosting of Going Global by the British Council in May 2016 in Cape Town and the hosting of the Global Conference in August 2016 by IEASA in the Kruger National Park clearly demonstrated that South African Higher Education is globally an important player. The current situation in South Africa should be seen by the outside world as a process of internal re-evaluation. It is also a struggle to bring together the global and the local. It is a process that is currently driven by South African Higher Education institutions. Although the issues that triggered the revolt is local, the roots are global and our solution to the problem could become a guide to global higher education. It is thus necessary that all the partners of the South African system believe in South Africa as the carrier of goodwill and a message that is worth listening to. It is also necessary to rather engage with South African Universities to understand the issues and not to abandon them at this critical stage. This issue of Study South Africa should remain the connector with the global higher education system and the information provided will hopefully assist all those interested in keeping and building on this connection.

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[Editor's Letter]: Study South Africa has been the global mouthpiece of the International Education Association of South Africa (IEASA) and South African Higher Education since the publication of its first edition in 1999. It grew from a publication that served as a guide to South African Higher Education to a comprehensive source of information for the international academic community and others interested in South Africa’s tertiary education sector. This annual publication requires knowledgeable contributors as well as skilful editorial and other technical support. For the past number of years the editorial team was ably supported by Loveness Kaunda from the University of Cape Town (UCT). She provided the publication with her time, energy and knowledge. However, as she retired from her UCT position, she will no longer be available to consult with on a regular basis. This edition of Study South Africa is dedicated to her as a token of gratitude for all her time and passion. Another source of knowledge and inspiration is Patrick Fish - a higher education specialist who does research on topics relevant to the South African Higher Education landscape and provides us with up-to-date information. His writing skills turn the first number of pages of this publication into a real source of information. The knowledge about South African universities will be incomplete without the contributions of the universities themselves. A common trend this year is the focus on excellence of teaching and research as well as the relevance of South African Higher Education to local students functioning in an ever globalising world. It is also evident that most of the South African universities are aware of the need to be globally competitive, not only to attract the best international students, but also to be able to compete in a very competitive global knowledge driven environment. Study South Africa is again proudly presented by IEASA. This edition, focussing on Internationalisation of Higher Education, with a specific focus on South Africa in a changing world, again illustrates the interconnectedness of global higher education. It is envisaged that future editions will explore and document the collaboration between IEASA and similar organisations that is promoting the Internationalisation of Higher Education as well as global trends in international higher education affecting internationalisation of higher education in emerging countries.

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[Editor's Letter]: This, the 15th edition of Study South Africa, continues to provide a platform for South African universities to profile themselves. It also provides highlights from the South African Higher Education system for the past year. This edition will focus on research and the internationalisation of research in the South African context. Study South Africa has established itself as the international mouthpiece for South African universities and without missing a beat has been produced by volunteers who, with enthusiasm, have dedicated their time and intellect to promote Higher Education Internationalisation as well as to promote South Africa as a knowledge destination for students, academics and professional staff. It is a special privilege and honour to write the introductory message for this 15th edition of Study South Africa as President of IEASA and Editor of the publication. In an era where global re-organisation is dominating the Higher Education scene and new alliances are formed to emulate the new geopolitical landscape, we need to take note of all the challenges facing Higher Education Internationalisation. A number of trends can be identified as major influences on Higher Education on a global scale. I will focus on some of those trends affecting Higher Education in emerging economies and the developing world. The first of these trends is the focus on regional and south-south cooperation. South African universities indicated their intent to further develop closer relationships with universities in Africa through their participation in the re-thinking of Africa’s future during the African Higher Education Summit on the Revitalisation of Higher Education for Africa’s future, in Dakar, Senegal during March 2015. The vision agreed upon during the summit is to ‘develop a high quality, massive, vibrant, diverse, differentiated, innovative, autonomous and socially responsible Higher Education sector. This sector will be a driving force to achieving the vision outlined in the Agenda 2063 by the African Union with a commitment to a shared strategic framework for the inclusive growth, sustainable development and global strategy to optimise the use of Africa’s resources for the benefit of all Africans’. The role of universities would be to develop closer cooperation as well as to advance research with a focus on innovation and sustainable economic growth that will integrate African economies as equal partners in the world economy. It is clear from the vision that although the emphasis should be on inter-African collaboration, collaboration with institutions outside the African continent should not be excluded to achieve the knowledge creation needed to achieve Agenda 2063. Another Higher Education Internationalisation trend in South Africa is the development of closer cooperation within the BRICS countries. The agreements reached and strategies agreed to during the BRICS Summit in Ufa, and included in the Ufa Declaration of 17 June 2015, open doors to future collaborations between BRICS universities. It is envisaged that in the next year the constituent meeting of the BRICS University Network and the establishment of the BRICS Universities League will provide the necessary framework for future collaboration amongst universities from the BRICS member countries. It is imperative that organisations like IEASA and the Brazilian FAUBAI play a key role in the establishment and function of the above mentioned networks. We can provide the necessary support and leadership to other member countries where Higher Education Internationalisation is still at the early stages of conceptualisation and organisation. It will be important to make effective use of the occasion of the Global Conference on Higher Education Internationalisation, scheduled to take place in South Africa in August 2016, to debate and set the future agenda for the BRICS University Network in relation to the rest of the world. It is also vital that the BRICS universities as well as the universities in Africa integrate fully with the rest of the world instead of developing a separate grouping.

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[Extract from article by Ms Merle Hodges]: A recent article points to the feeling of alienation that students feel when studying away from home. It seeks to address the problem by establishing a range of fora where foreign students can feel more ‘at home’. It encourages host students to be more willing to accommodate these ‘outsiders’ in order to boost the reputation of the institution. Most of these initiatives are slightly patronising, but obviously well-meant. The overriding sense behind the article is that international students, within higher education institutions, are a benevolent burden. International students should be looked after, because universities are generally maternal (they are someone’s alma mater after all), places of kindness (they literally give away knowledge) and generally care for others (community outreach is fundamental to most universities). More importantly, international students – in places like the USA and UK – generate additional funding in an environment where government and federal funding is drying up. But what if four out of every ten students in the world who graduated were from China and India? In the next eight years? That genial inconvenience now becomes an imperative. These are the predictions by such august organisations as The British Council and the education branch of the OECD. It is also anticipated that these countries will not be in a position to educate this number of students internally. Which, in turn, suggests that there will be mass outflows at the undergraduate level and, by sheer dint of numbers, also means that internationalisation is heading towards a compounding acceleration in numbers. Where then does internationalisation stand? It will no longer be an altruistic add-on, but core business to the lifeblood of the universities across the globe. As far back as 1994, Jane Knight understood internationalisation as a phenomenon that would have a profound impact on the functions and structures of the university. “Internationalization,” she points out, “is the process of integrating an international, intercultural, global outlook into the major functions of a university – teaching, SRC, and service functions.” Over the past year arguments have been made that suggest that global shifts in student demographics are not the ‘province’ of South African higher education and that our obligation is to focus internally, on poverty alleviation and job creation. This argument misses the point. The free flow of academics and students – especially the large number of postgraduate students from other countries already at our institutions – are working with our academics on solving exactly these kinds of problems. IEASA is no longer only about the 60 000 students who migrate to our shores annually. It’s about what they learn and the diverse experiences that they will go through; experiences that will change them for life and will inevitably bring them to a different understanding of the world that we, collectively, are presently fashioning.

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[Extract from article by Ms Merle Hodges]: Over the past year there have been numerous conferences dealing with one general topic. How is it possible for higher education, globally, to produce the same quality in its graduates, research and community outreach when the financial resources entering into the system are radically declining? The conclusion is overwhelmingly despondent. ‘Universities have to do more with less, academics and academic research will increasingly be pressurised by lower salaries internally and career temptations from the corporate world – the impact of which is the greater commodification of universities, and the inevitable decline in academic freedom.’ This global negativity is predicated on inter–related factors. The first, the long tail of the economic recession, is continuing to bite all sectors and higher education is no exception. Secondly, higher education is a little like marketing – when the pressure is on government, sectors like higher education are de–prioritised. In light of this, the position of internationalisation in higher education might seem to fade into the background. Interestingly, the inverse is true. While the zeitgeist of higher education generally appears dismal, the prospects of internationalisation appear rosy in comparison. I believe this is true because of two overlapping issues. Firstly, students are not going to give up on university because of a lingering economic downturn. What they are doing, however, is deciding to travel and study at destinations that would have been perceived as implausible a few years ago. Venezuela, Chile, South Korea and South Africa are all drawing US students more than ever before. This is partly because, I sense, the quality of qualifications is achieving parity across the globe; and also, because students who are prepared to travel realise that cultural specificity – the ability to learn new and unique aspects of a different culture while gaining the same core ingredients of a degree – sets it apart from the degree gained locally. A one semester course in Russian anthropology might appear entirely redundant when applying for a job. However, the very interconnectedness of global business means not only that the course is never a waste of time, but that it might mean the difference between landing a contract and failing to do so. The international student has the benefit of developing in ways that traditional (home-grown) higher education may not yet fully understand. Secondly, development in South Africa at least, has an additional meaning. Our universities are not only focused on developing graduates for multicultural or global competitiveness. Over the past five or so years our universities have been focused on development of the country itself. As an emerging power, the impetus has been on creating universities that address the fundamental needs of the people. Poverty, HIV, sustainability and innovative solutions to global problems are the very sap of South African universities in the 21st Century. How to create a sustainable environment, how to preserve marine and wildlife, how to create jobs, reduce poverty, and maximise innovation – these are the concerns that are preoccupying the minds of the country’s best academics.

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[Extract from message from Minister of Higher Education and Training, Hon. Dr BE Nzimande]: The 10th Edition focuses on the highly relevant issue of ‘Higher Education Internationalisation in the Development of Africa’. The internationalisation of higher education is of great importance for the continent, if Africa wants to be able to compete and participate in a global context. Currently, there are only three African institutions in the Top 500 of the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and all of these are in South Africa. Similarly, one South African institution appears in the Top 200 of the Times Higher Education World Ranking and no other African universities are represented. Despite being cautious about the methodology used to derive rankings, our aim in higher education should be to actively compete internationally and, more importantly, to serve the developmental challenges of Africa. It is imperative that Africa engages internationally and participates in the development of humanity’s knowledge. Research outputs and publications are particularly low on the continent, and African universities need to develop their research capabilities and direct resources to this important function. It is particularly important that research, which affects Africa and its development, is conducted on a large scale on the continent, supported by collaborative work and partnerships, rather than being carried out predominantly in other countries. The time has come for the tide to change and for our researchers and academics to focus on research opportunities presented on the continent. This is an important step for Africa to take if it is to deal effectively with the problems it faces and take its place in the international arena. One way to increase and develop knowledge outputs is through collaboration. An important opportunity for South African universities is the Erasmus Mundus Programme funded through the European Union (EU). This programme encourages collaboration between South African and European universities and provides resources for the exchange of staff and students within specific research programmes. It is also important for Africa to develop the research collaboration within the continent and with other developing and developed countries. In this regard, the Intra-ACP (Africa-Caribbean-Pacific) Scheme is of great importance. This initiative by the African Union (AU), working in collaboration with the EU, provides the opportunity for academic staff and student exchanges between universities in these regions. Intra-African exchanges are of particular importance in developing the continent’s capacity. Through such programmes African universities can work together to develop research and participate in the knowledge economy. We should also not ignore the challenges faced in improving the quality of teaching and learning in African universities, including many in South Africa. If sufficient attention and resources are not directed to improving these most basic activities of higher education, we will not only fail to meet the continent’s human resource development needs, but we will fail to establish the basis for future research advancement. Student mobility is very much a part of our fabric and provides the necessary intellectual stimulation, which is an essential part of student life. The number of African students from outside South Africa studying at South African institutions is growing annually, as is the number of non-African students. The networks established through such internationalisation are invaluable. There are also large numbers of our own students who, through universities’ reciprocal agreements, are studying abroad. The information provided in this publication provides a valuable opportunity to showcase our higher education sector and goes a long way to providing the necessary facts to encourage such student mobility.

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[Extract from message from Minister of Higher Education and Training, Hon. Dr BE Nzimande]: It gives me pleasure to provide support to the International Education Association of South Africa’s (IEASA) 9th edition of the Study South Africa publication. The focus of this edition, which is Higher Education and Development in South Africa, is most appropriate today as South Africa continuously strives to ensure that higher education remains relevant and responsive to the developmental needs of the country. To this end, we always have to bear in mind that South Africa is a developing country, and as such still confronts challenges such as poverty and under-development. These challenges are characteristic of most developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, our higher education sector, through its core functions of teaching, research, and community engagement, should seek to address these issues especially as they affect the poor and other vulnerable members of our society. Since we became a democratic state in 1994, South Africa has gone a long way to transform and restructure our higher education system to ensure amongst others equity with regard to the demographics of our staff and student population. The gender and racial profile of our students has improved significantly over the years to the extent that we now have black and female students constituting the majority at our institutions, especially at undergraduate level. It is also pleasing to note that our institutions enjoy good international standing. South African researchers and institutions continue to engage in research collaborations with their peers and counterparts around the world, and thus, are integral parts of research programmes and networks. With respect to student mobility, our higher education institutions continue to attract large numbers of international students, particularly from other parts of Africa. In 2007 the number of international students enrolled at our institutions was counted at 59 209, a significant increase from 44 439 in 2000. About 85% of these students originate from the African continent, more specifically the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. Several factors account for the increase in the number of international students coming to South Africa. These include the country’s natural and ecological resources, rich and diverse cultural heritage, and the stable socio-political conditions. The consistent growth in the number of international students seeking to study in South Africa is a positive affirmation on the quality of the country’s institutions and the international reputation of their academics and qualifications. As a country, we see this growth as a positive development as it provides us with the opportunity not only to impart or relate our experiences, but also, to learn from others, and by so doing further enhance the international standing of our higher education system.

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[Extract from message from Minister of Higher Education, Hon. Naledi Pandor]: It gives me great pleasure to endorse the 7th edition of Study South Africa. The International Education Association of South Africa (IEASA) has once again produced a publication that provides valuable insights and information about South African public universities and their place in the global higher education arena I welcome this publication and congratulate IEASA for its hard work in promoting our higher education institutions internationally. Study South Africa gives a comprehensive picture of higher education in our country. At a glance, the enquirer is able to see all that South African higher education has to offer diversity in terms of institutions, the wide range of affordable courses on offer, the international acceptability of South African qualifications as well as the rich multi-cultural experiences of our campuses. In short, the Guide provides a summary of everything that will assist the potential student to actualise his or her full potential. South African higher education is founded on broad social values such as respect for human life and dignity, commitment to equality and human rights, respect for diversity and nonsexism. Our education system seeks to construct citizens who are conscious of these values and therefore aware of their responsibilities in life and in the lives of others. These values are reflected in the diverse offerings by institutions covered in the Guide. In addition, we have specific mechanisms in place to facilitate internationalisation, and our immigration policies have been relaxed to make it easier for international students, academics and other higher education staff to enter the country and stay for the duration of their planned activity. We also subsidise students from the continent in terms of our policy on the state subsidisation of foreign students at higher education institutions. South Africa shares the global concern about the digital and information divide. We are of the view that access to information is empowering and would therefore like to see as many citizens of our country and the continent connected with the rest of the world, both digitally and in terms of knowledge. By staying in touch with the rest of the world through information sharing and exchange programmes, we minimise this information gap. It is for this reason, therefore, that the work of IEASA in the form of this publication is applauded, because it seeks to promote such exchanges and information sharing. There is no question that through internationalisation we can impact on our political, economic, cultural and social transformation. We can also address our skills shortage, build research capacity, enrich curricula and enhance the student experience. Collectively higher education institutions in South Africa offer an impressive array of information and communication technologies, well stocked and interconnected libraries and some scholars who are among the best in the world, making the country a destination of choice for both Africans and students from abroad. We aspire to make all our international partners, students and staff feel at home and content with what our institutions offer them, pleasant living and study or work environments. We want them to be proud of their association with South African higher education and be ambassadors for the system once they leave South Africa.

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[Message from the Honorable Minister of Education, Prof. Kader Asmal]: Once again I am pleased to provide a message of support for the Guide to South African Universities and Technikons, particularly at a time when we are embarking on a new era with our plans for Higher Education in South Africa. Increasingly we have become aware of the need for higher education graduates who can make a significant contribution to the reconstruction and development of our country and, in this period of globalisation, the rest the world. With the dawn of a new century we need also to ensure that our system of higher education is relevant to the challenges we face in the years ahead. The onset of the 21st century has brought Minister of Education changes in the social, cultural and economic relations spawned by the revolution in information and communications technology. At the centre of these changes is the notion that in the 21st century, knowledge and the processing of information will be the key driving forces for wealth creation and social and economic development. Therefore we are driven by government policy that recognises the importance of human resource development. This involves the mobilisation of human talent and potential through lifelong learning, to contribute to the social, economic, cultural and intellectual life of a rapidly changing society. We need high-level skills training to provide the human resources to strengthen our region's enterprises, services and infrastructure. This requires the development of professionals and knowledge workers with globally equivalent skills, but who are socially responsible and conscious of their role in contributing to development efforts and social transformation. Finally we need to ensure the production, acquisition and application of new knowledge. This is essential for growth and competitiveness, and in turn is dependent on continuous technological improvement and innovation driven by a well-organised, vibrant research and development system which integrates the research and training capacity of higher education with the needs of industry and social reconstruction. Graduates from our higher education institutions have consistently shown that the quality of the education they receive is of a world class standard. Indeed, many developed countries try to lure our graduates away to work in their countries. Increasingly international students have recognised the value of our education system and are choosing to study in South Africa. We welcome them not only to our educational institutions but also to our beautiful country and the vibrant society that South Africa is today.

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[Message from the Honorable Minister of Education, Prof. Kader Asmal]: It gives me pleasure to be able to once again give message of support for the Guide to South African Universities and Technikons. Government policy has placed higher education at the centre of the Human Resource Development Strategy. In the last edition I indicated the need to ensure that our system of higher education is relevant, accessible, efficient and provides the basis for lifelong learning. To this end we are embarking on a major transformation and reconstruction process to improve the capacity of our higher education institutions to respond nor only to national demands but also to the demands placed upon us by a globalised economy. TI1e envisaged higher education landscape should be better aligned to respond to the challenges of the constantly changing demands. The realisation of the African Union and the proposals contained in the New Programme for Africa Development calls for greater understanding of the international imperatives that will inform greater economic, political and social cooperation. All of this requires that higher education institutions should step up the pace in forging academic cooperation and linkages as well as providing an enabling environment for international students to study in South Africa. It also requires higher education institutions to ensure that the quality of the programmes offered matches or exceeds international benchmarks so that they become first choice institutions for students wanting an international experience. The initiative that the International Education Association of South Africa (IEASA) has undertaken together with the South African Universities Vice-Chancellors Association and the Committee of Technikon Principals is beginning to show some results. There has been an increase in the number of international students who seek study opportunities in our institutions. This can only strengthen our system as we gain more insight into international perspectives through these students. I wish all those involved in this endeavour success.

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[Message from the President of IEASA, Dr Roshen Kishun]: We salute the thousands of South Africans From diverse racial backgrounds who 50 years ago put forward their vision, encapsulated in the Freedom Charter, to keep doors of education open. As we celebrate the 50th anniversary of this historic event we are aware of the Foundations laid then to allow us to reconnect to the world. In choosing “lessons in diversity' as the theme For the Sth edition of Study South Africa we support the need For South African higher education to keep its doors open in meeting the development challenges of Africa. The year 2005 has been described as critical For Africa because of a number of Factors that have come together. These include the New Partnership For Africa’s Development which spells out action plans to tackle some of the more intractable problems that Africa Faces, the Formation of the African Union with clear guidelines For governance and peace, and the Pan-African Parliament which promotes the concept of working together to solve the continent's problems. The launch of the Southern African Regional Universities Association in early 2005 by 45 of the region’s vice-chancellors recognised that the excellence and sustainability of university education, research and development will be a leading contributor to Future growth and poverty alleviation. Despite the tides of limited resources, external demands and internal policy challenges, the vice-chancellors were unequivocally committed to advancing the development agenda of higher education on the African continent. Critically, in recent years there has been acknowledgement of the ability of higher education to bring about economic and democratic reforms, as evidenced by the commitment and concerted efforts made by Foundations and funding agencies to support the improvement of higher education institutions in Africa. Most important from our perspective is the support for the ’’renewal’’ of higher education institutions as they are considered to be key vehicles For development on the continent. The Commission For Africa report, published in March 2005, endorses the Association of African Universities, Association of Commonwealth Universities and Higher Education South Africa’s joint 10-year partnership programme, Renewing the African University, The partnership programme calls, among other things, For constructive engagement between states and higher education institutions, increasing North-South and South-South collaboration, internationalisation of the curriculum and partnerships between universities and the corporate sector. The Commission makes clear its conviction that higher education's contribution to building professional skills and knowledge is key to achieving Fundamental development changes. The need for centres of excellence in science, technology and engineering is highlighted as key to Future development and growth. Higher education institutions need to be the “breeding ground For the skilled individuals whom the continent needs". The report stresses the need For urgent attention to be given to the management of natural resources, of Forests and water, improving sanitation and strengthening health systems to deal with pandemics such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV-Aids. Other important developments needed are building the human and institutional capacity for good governance and strengthening leadership in public life, civil society and business. In Focusing on the theme “lessons in diversity’ the Guide captures the richness of the various “diversities ' in the South African higher education landscape. It describes the radical transformation of higher education in South Africa over more than a decade. It identifies South Africa's research system as being “by Far the biggest in Africa” and demonstrates the important role South African higher education can play in meeting the challenges of Africa. I hope that the information provided will allow those interested in South African education to make informed choices.

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[Editor's Letter]: Welcome to the seventeenth Study SA, compiled as IEASA celebrates its twentieth anniversary. Study SA is the South African publication that provides an overview of South African Higher Education issues and developments. This edition has a special Commemorative section, celebrating 20 years of IEASA, as well as the standard sections found in every issue of Study SA, consisting of Higher Education in Context, Features and Medical Aid and the updated profiles of the 26 public Higher Education Institutions. Universities South Africa, USAF, kindly provided partial funding for this edition of Study SA and we are delighted to include a message from the current CEO Dr Ahmed Bawa, a consistent supporter of internationalisation in Higher Education. We also have a message from the former Minister of Higher Education, Dr Blade Nzimande (2009-2017). A voluntary organisation supported by a small secretariat, IEASA is testament to a group of people who saw the need for an organisation to support the South African Higher Education’s re-entry and engagement with the rest of the world, once it became a democracy in 1994. This edition includes articles by two of the founding members: lEASA’s first President, Dr Roshun Kishun and its first Treasurer, Dr Derek Swemmer. Our sincere thanks to all the committed individuals in South African Higher education, who have kept IEASA going from strength to strength. Thilor Manikam, lEASA’s longest serving staffing member and the Office Manager has provided continuity and institutional memory over the best part of the twenty years. Guided by lEASA’s Constitution, Thilor has ensured that regardless of the change in the Management Council over the years, IEASA operations are impeccably managed and that IEASA has received an unqualified audit every year since its inception. In its history, IEASA has had seven Presidents: Dr Roshun Kishan, Ms Fazela Hanif, Mr David Ferrai, Ms Merle Hodges, Mr Lavern Samuels, Dr Nico Jooste and the current President Leolyn Jackson, whose term will run until the end of 2018, when the current President Elect, Ms Orla Quinlan will serve a two-year term from 2019-2020. IEASA has facilitated the development of a close knit community of practice in South Africa with members drawing on each other’s strengths and skills; inviting each other to our respective institutions to share knowledge, skills and ideas on appropriate internationalisation, within the South African context. More than that, we have become friends and have developed a collective responsibility to present and represent South African Higher Education to the rest of the world. Sadly, we lost three of our very dear colleagues and friends in recent years: Mr Len Mkhize, Mr Jimmy Ellis and Professor Stan Ridge. We pay tribute to the energy and joy they brought to IEASA in all their endeavours. They are missed. Others who have supported IEASA over the years include PWC, who have provided free audit services up to 2017, as a contribution to South Africa’s Higher Education; ABSA and the Medical Aid companies, who have provided sponsorship to IEASA. Finally, its volunteer Management Council, members of which serve two-year terms, with the possibility of being re-elected, and each one of our members who participate in and support IEASA activities and events. IEASA continued its work with the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) to clarify the visa application procedures, communicate the processes and to request interventions when visa processing is unduly delayed or if there are extenuating circ*mstances, which require intervention. IEASA and DHA have held one joint workshop with universities in 2016; a second was held following the IEASA 20th conference in August 2017 and an initial meeting called by USAF was held with DHA, HR Directors from universities and IEASA in late 2017. Visa Facilitation Services (VFS) have introduced a new mobile biometric service for campuses who do not have a VFS office in their locality. IEASA will continue to work on behalf of the international students and the rest of the international Higher Education community to improve the clarity of immigration requirements and to help overcome any difficulties faced. An article providing an update on progress is included in this edition. The international landscape has shifted enormously in recent years, where previously unquestioned democratic principles are being contested in some of the world’s most established democracies. lEASA’s 20th Anniversary Conference theme was “Advancing internationalisation: overcoming hostilities and building communities”. While in reflective and celebratory mode about the achievements of the last twenty years during the the Colloquium, the conference attendees switched mode and engaged in robust debates, about the current challenges in Higher Education including economic and financial challenges, xenophobia, the lack of equity in existing partnerships, institutional strategies, opportunities for engaging with partners interested in South African Higher Education. IEASA is cognisant of its responsibility to build capacity for the upcoming professionals in the sector and workshops on themes pertinent to the professionals in International Offices included immigration, partnerships and developing internationalisation strategy.