Association of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Ticagrelor With Vein Graft Failure After CABG (2024)

Key Points

Question Is ticagrelor dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery associated with differences in vein graft failure and bleeding events compared with aspirin?

Findings In this individual patient data meta-analysis that included 4 randomized clinical trials, 1316 patients and 1668 vein grafts, ticagrelor DAPT compared with aspirin was associated with a significantly lower incidence of vein graft failure (11.2% vs 20.0%) and a significantly higher incidence of Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events (22.1% vs 8.7%).

Meaning In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, adding ticagrelor to aspirin was associated with a significantly decreased risk of vein graft failure, as well as a significantly increased risk of clinically important bleeding.

Importance The role of ticagrelor with or without aspirin after coronary artery bypass graft surgery remains unclear.

Objective To compare the risks of vein graft failure and bleeding associated with ticagrelor dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) or ticagrelor monotherapy vs aspirin among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Data Sources MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to June 1, 2022, without language restriction.

Study Selection Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of ticagrelor DAPT or ticagrelor monotherapy vs aspirin on saphenous vein graft failure.

Data Extraction and Synthesis Individual patient data provided by each trial were synthesized into a combined data set for independent analysis. Multilevel logistic regression models were used.

Main Outcomes and Measures The primary analysis assessed the incidence of saphenous vein graft failure per graft (primary outcome) in RCTs comparing ticagrelor DAPT with aspirin. Secondary outcomes were saphenous vein graft failure per patient and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events. A supplementary analysis included RCTs comparing ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin.

Results A total of 4 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, involving 1316 patients and 1668 saphenous vein grafts. Of the 871 patients in the primary analysis, 435 received ticagrelor DAPT (median age, 67 years [IQR, 60-72 years]; 65 women [14.9%]; 370 men [85.1%]) and 436 received aspirin (median age, 66 years [IQR, 61-73 years]; 63 women [14.5%]; 373 men [85.5%]). Ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower incidence of saphenous vein graft failure (11.2%) per graft than was aspirin (20%; difference, −8.7% [95% CI, −13.5% to −3.9%]; OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.74]; P < .001) and was associated with a significantly lower incidence of saphenous vein graft failure per patient (13.2% vs 23.0%, difference, −9.7% [95% CI, −14.9% to −4.4%]; OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.74]; P < .001). Ticagrelor DAPT (22.1%) was associated with a significantly higher incidence of BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events than was aspirin (8.7%; difference, 13.3% [95% CI, 8.6% to 18.0%]; OR, 2.98 [95% CI, 1.99 to 4.47]; P < .001), but not BARC type 3 or 5 bleeding events (1.8% vs 1.8%, difference, 0% [95% CI, −1.8% to 1.8%]; OR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.37 to 2.69]; P = .99). Compared with aspirin, ticagrelor monotherapy was not significantly associated with saphenous vein graft failure (19.3% vs 21.7%, difference, −2.6% [95% CI, −9.1% to 3.9%]; OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.27]; P = .44) or BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events (8.9% vs 7.3%, difference, 1.7% [95% CI, −2.8% to 6.1%]; OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 0.69 to 2.29]; P = .46).

Conclusions and Relevance Among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, adding ticagrelor to aspirin was associated with a significantly decreased risk of vein graft failure. However, this was accompanied by a significantly increased risk of clinically important bleeding.

Saphenous vein grafts are the most frequently used conduits in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, yet as many as 10% to 25% occlude within the first year after surgery.^1,2 Early saphenous vein graft failure is mainly due to thrombosis subsequent to endothelial damage or endothelial activation leading to a prothrombotic phenotype.^2,3 Inhibition of platelet aggregation with aspirin after CABG surgery has been shown to reduce early saphenous vein graft failure and is endorsed in current practice guidelines.^4-6 Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), consisting of aspirin and an oral platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is associated with enhanced platelet inhibitory effects.⁷ Although DAPT is the guideline-recommended treatment after percutaneous coronary revascularization,⁷ considerable controversy exists as to the benefit of DAPT for patients after CABG surgery. Studies comparing ticagrelor DAPT with aspirin have yielded conflicting results,^8-10 and the few studies comparing ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin^9,11 failed to demonstrate an effect of ticagrelor monotherapy on saphenous vein graft failure; however, they were individually underpowered.

A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of ticagrelor DAPT or ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin on saphenous vein graft failure among patients undergoing CABG surgery was performed.

This study design was published a priori on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42021291997). The statistical analysis protocol was prespecified to reduce post hoc bias. The analysis was performed in accordance with the Individual Patient Data-Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (IPD-PRISMA).¹² The PRISMA checklist was followed. Ethics approval and patient consent were obtained locally by each trial team. The Weill Cornell Medicine Institutional Review Board waived the need for ethics approval for the pooled analysis (protocol 22-03024559).

A medical librarian searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Central (Wiley) databases to identify RCTs published between database inception and June 1, 2022, comparing ticagrelor DAPT and/or ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin in patients undergoing CABG surgery who had follow-up for graft imaging. No language restrictions were imposed. The full search strategy is provided in the Supplement (eMethods 1 in the Supplement). Identification of studies meeting the search criteria was performed by 2 authors (S.S. and K.A.). Conflicts over inclusion were resolved by consultation with a third author (M.G.).

The principal investigators of the eligible trials were contacted and all agreed to share individual patient data. Specifications of core minimum deidentified data requirements were provided to each trial (eMethods 2 in the Supplement). Data received from the individual trial teams by the analysis unit at Weill Cornell Medicine were checked for completeness and consistency with previous publications. Discrepancies were resolved directly with the trial investigators. For harmonization of graft failure definition across trials, occlusion and/or percent stenosis per graft or anastomosis (for sequential grafts) were provided by each trial team. Events were readjudicated centrally. For harmonization of bleeding outcomes, bleeding events were readjudicated by each trial team according to Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria.¹³ All analyses were performed independently on the combined data set of individual patient data provided for each trial. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2¹⁴ (eFigure 1 in the Supplement).

The primary outcome was the incidence of saphenous vein graft failure, defined as saphenous vein graft occlusion or stenosis greater than 50% per graft as assessed by either invasive angiography or computed tomographic angiography at the individual trial protocol–defined follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of saphenous vein graft failure per patient (defined as patients with ≥1 failed saphenous vein graft); the incidence of BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events; the composite of saphenous vein graft failure or cardiovascular death; and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE, defined as the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or revascularization). Definitions of events in the individual trials are provided in eTable 1 in the Supplement.

Post hoc outcomes were the incidence of saphenous vein graft occlusion per graft; any graft failure (arterial or saphenous vein grafts); BARC type 2 through 5, 3 through 5, and 3 or 5 bleeding events; the individual components of MACCE; major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, defined as the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke); and net adverse events (defined as graft failure [arterial or saphenous vein grafts] or BARC type ≥3 bleeding event), net adverse major clinical events (defined as all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or BARC type ≥3 bleeding event), and overall net adverse events (defined as graft failure, MACCE, or BARC type ≥2 bleeding events).

Baseline categorical variables are reported as counts and percentages. Continuous variables are reported as medians and IQRs. The primary analysis was performed according to randomization group and compared ticagrelor DAPT with aspirin. The primary analysis set was patients with saphenous vein grafts who were randomized to ticagrelor DAPT or aspirin and for whom protocol-defined imaging was available. The primary outcome was evaluated using a multilevel logistic regression model using the GLIMMIX procedure¹⁵ that accounted for clustering of patients within trials and clustering of grafts within patients. Treatment associations are reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.

Secondary outcomes were evaluated using a multilevel logistic regression model with the trial as a random effect (reported as OR and 95% CI) or a Cox proportional hazards frailty model with trial as a random effect (reported as hazard ratio [HR] and 95% CI). Event rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The proportional hazards assumption was confirmed for each end point by using Schoenfeld residuals and visual inspection of the Schoenfeld residuals, Kaplan-Meier plots, and log-log plots.

Sensitivity analyses for the primary outcome assessed the incidence of saphenous vein graft failure per anastomosis and in patients who had 1-year imaging. Sensitivity models for the primary outcome were performed in the as-treated population (according to treatment received) and per-protocol population (according to whether treatment was received in compliance with the trial protocol), and after imputation of missing data by multiple imputation (assuming a joint multivariate normal distribution for all variables and imputing 20 data sets). These sensitivity models were adjusted for baseline and procedure-related confounders that included age, sex, clinical presentation, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, prior myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, endoscopic saphenous vein graft harvesting, and sequential saphenous vein grafting.

Prespecified subgroup analyses for the primary outcome were age, sex, diabetes, smoking, acute coronary syndrome, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, endoscopic saphenous vein graft harvesting, target vessel territory, use of sequential saphenous vein grafts, and treatment duration. For subgroup analyses, an interaction-term between the treatment and the subgroup of interest was included in the logistic regression model.

A supplementary analysis for the primary outcome compared ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin.

Details on post hoc analyses are provided in eMethods 3 in the Supplement. A post hoc random-effects network meta-analysis was performed to compare the associations of ticagrelor DAPT, ticagrelor monotherapy, and aspirin with saphenous vein graft failure.

A 2-sided P value of <.05 was considered significant for all tests. There was no adjustment for multiplicity. Because of the potential for type I error due to multiple comparisons, findings for analyses of secondary end points should be interpreted as exploratory. All analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc) except for the network meta-analysis, which was performed using R version 4.1.0.¹⁶

The literature search yielded 776 results, of which 557 were screened for eligibility. Four trials meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis: Ticagrelor and Aspirin for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (TAP-CABG),⁸ Different Antiplatelet Therapy Strategy after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (DACAB),⁹ Effect of Ticagrelor on Saphenous Vein Graft Patency in Patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery (Popular CABG),¹⁰ and Ticagrelor Antiplatelet Therapy to Reduce Graft Events and Thrombosis (TARGET).¹¹ The PRISMA IPD flow diagram is provided in eFigure 2 in the Supplement.

An overview of the included trials is provided in Table 1. Two trials^8,10 compared ticagrelor DAPT with aspirin, 1 trial¹¹ compared ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin, and 1 trial⁹ compared ticagrelor DAPT and ticagrelor monotherapy with aspirin. All trials used a 90-mg twice-daily regimen of ticagrelor. A total of 3079 grafts (1668 saphenous vein grafts and 1411 arterial grafts) in 1316 patients were included in the meta-analysis.

The primary analysis included 871 patients from the TAP-CABG,⁸ DACAB,⁹ and POPular CABG¹⁰ trials. A total of 435 patients (49.9%; 527 saphenous vein grafts) were randomized to ticagrelor DAPT, and 436 patients (50.1%; 537 saphenous vein grafts) were randomized to aspirin (Table 2). The median treatment duration was 365 days (IQR, 307-365 days) for patients in the ticagrelor DAPT group and 364 days (IQR, 315-365 days) for patients in the aspirin group. A total of 394 patients (90.6%) in the ticagrelor DAPT group and 400 patients (91.7%) in the aspirin group underwent protocol-defined imaging (eTables 2-4 in the Supplement). Protocol-defined imaging was performed by computed tomographic angiography in 789 patients and coronary angiography in 5 patients. The median time from CABG surgery to imaging was 369 days (IQR, 364-375 days) in the ticagrelor DAPT group and 370 days (IQR, 364-376 days) in the aspirin group.

The primary outcome of saphenous vein graft failure occurred in 11.2% (54 of 481) of saphenous vein grafts in the ticagrelor DAPT group and in 20.0% (99 of 494) of saphenous vein grafts in the aspirin group (difference, −8.7% [95% CI, −13.5% to −3.9%], OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.74]; P < .001; Figure 1A).

When assessed per patient, saphenous vein graft failure occurred in 13.2% (52 of 394) of patients in the ticagrelor DAPT group and 23.0% (92 of 400) of patients in the aspirin group (difference, −9.7% [95% CI, −14.9% to −4.4%]; OR, 0.51 [95% CI, 0.35 to 0.74]; P < .001; Figure 1B).

Ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly higher risk of BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events compared with aspirin (22.1% vs 8.7%, difference; 13.3% [95% CI, 8.6% to 18.0%]; OR, 2.98 [95% CI, 1.99 to 4.47]; P < .001) (Figure 2A; eFigure 3 in the Supplement). Ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of the composite of saphenous vein graft failure or cardiovascular death compared with aspirin (13.9% vs 23.4%: difference, −9.4% [95% CI, −14.7% to −4.1%]; OR, 0.52 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.76]; P < .001) but was not significantly associated with lower risk of MACCE (6.7% vs 5.5%; difference, 1.2% [95% CI, −2.0% to 4.3%]; HR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.70 to 2.08]; P = .50; Figure 2B).

The results for the primary outcome were confirmed in the sensitivity analysis for saphenous vein graft failure per anastomosis (ticagrelor DAPT vs aspirin, 8.6% vs 14.6%; difference, −6.1% [95% CI, −9.9% to −2.4%]; OR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.37 to 0.80]; P < .001; eFigure 4 in the Supplement) and in the sensitivity analysis that included only patients with protocol-defined imaging at 1 year (eFigure 5 in the Supplement). Sensitivity analyses for the primary outcome in the as-treated and per-protocol populations and after imputation of missing data were also consistent with the main analysis (eTable 5 in the Supplement).

The association of ticagrelor DAPT with the risk of saphenous vein graft failure was consistent across all prespecified subgroups (Figure 3).

Ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of saphenous vein graft occlusion than was aspirin (9.6% vs 16.2%; difference, −6.6% [95% CI, −11.0% to −2.2%]; OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.37 to 0.82]; P = .003) (eFigure 6 in the Supplement).

The results of the post hoc analyses for any graft failure were consistent with the main analysis (eTable 6 in the Supplement). The association of ticagrelor DAPT with any graft failure remained consistent when stratified by graft type and target vessel territory (eFigure 7 in the Supplement).

The association of ticagrelor DAPT with bleeding events is shown in Figure 2 and eFigure 3 in the Supplement. There were no instances of BARC type 5 bleeding events. The association of ticagrelor DAPT with the risk of BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events was consistent across important clinical subgroups (eFigure 8 in the Supplement). Ticagrelor DAPT was not associated with significant differences in the individual components of MACCE or MACE (Figure 2).

Ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of net adverse events than was aspirin (17.0% vs 27.8%; difference, −10.6% [95% CI, −16.3% to −4.9%]; OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.38 to 0.75]; P < .001) but was not associated with significant differences in net adverse major clinical events or overall net adverse events (eTable 7 in the Supplement).

In the network meta-analysis with aspirin as the reference group, ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of saphenous vein graft failure per graft (OR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27 to 0.87]) whereas ticagrelor monotherapy was not (OR, 0.94 [95% CI, 0.51 to 1.74]; I² = 55.4%; eFigure 9 in the Supplement).

Ticagrelor monotherapy was not associated with a significant difference in saphenous vein graft failure compared with aspirin per graft (19.3% vs 21.7%; difference, −2.6% [95% CI, −9.1% to 3.9%]; OR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.27]; P = .44) or per patient (25.2% vs 29.3%; difference, −4.1% [95% CI, −11.9% to 3.7%]; OR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.55 to 1.20]; P = .30; eTable 8 in the Supplement). There was no significant difference between ticagrelor monotherapy and aspirin in the association with BARC type 2, 3, or 5 bleeding events (8.9% vs 7.3%; difference, 1.7%; [95% CI, −2.8% to 6.1%]; OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 0.69 to 2.29]; P = .46; eTable 9 in the Supplement).

In this individual patient data meta-analysis of 4 RCTs including 1316 patients and 1668 saphenous vein grafts, ticagrelor DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of saphenous vein graft failure and a significantly higher risk of clinically important bleeding events than was aspirin.

CABG surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with high-complexity coronary artery disease and those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.⁶ In the US alone approximately 300 000 patients undergo CABG surgery annually.¹⁷ The saphenous vein is used in more than 90% of CABG procedures.¹⁸

RCTs investigating the effect of ticagrelor DAPT vs aspirin on saphenous vein graft failure have reported conflicting results. In the DACAB trial,⁹ ticagrelor DAPT significantly increased saphenous vein graft patency 1 year after CABG. In contrast, in the POPular CABG trial,¹⁰ ticagrelor DAPT did not significantly reduce saphenous vein graft occlusion 1 year after CABG surgery. The TAP-CABG trial⁸ also did not find a significant difference in the absolute risk of saphenous vein graft occlusion between ticagrelor DAPT and aspirin 3 months after CABG.

In addition, the published RCTs were all individually underpowered to detect even moderate differences in bleeding outcomes. Although they did not individually report an increase in major bleeding events with ticagrelor DAPT,^8-10 a solid estimate of the risk to benefit ratio of ticagrelor DAPT after CABG surgery was not possible.

An aggregate network meta-analysis of 20 RCTs that assessed the effects of oral antithrombotic drugs and included 2 RCTs (203 patients) comparing ticagrelor DAPT with aspirin did not show a significant difference in major bleeding events between the groups (OR, 1.93 [95% CI, 0.30-12.4]).¹⁹ In another meta-analysis of 5 RCTs and 3996 patients, there was no significant difference in the risk of bleeding between ticagrelor–based antiplatelet therapy vs aspirin and/or clopidogrel (relative risk, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.95-1.14]; P = .41).²⁰ However, individual studies used different bleeding definitions and this greatly limits the clinical relevance of the results from trial-level meta-analyses.

In the present work, graft failure and bleeding events were readjudicated using a common definition before pooling, allowing generation of hom*ogeneous pooled estimates of the association of ticagrelor DAPT with saphenous vein graft failure and bleeding events.

This comprehensive synthesis of all RCTs with angiographic follow-up provides solid evidence that ticagrelor DAPT is associated with a significantly lower risk of saphenous vein graft failure 1 year after CABG surgery. The association of ticagrelor DAPT with the risk of saphenous vein graft failure was consistent across subgroups. However, compared with aspirin, ticagrelor DAPT was also associated with a significantly higher risk of BARC type 2 or higher bleeding events. There was also an absolute increase in the risk of all-cause death in the ticagrelor DAPT group, although not statistically significant. Taken together, the present analysis suggests that a patient’s individual risk of graft failure, ischemic events, and bleeding needs to be weighed carefully when deciding whether to add ticagrelor to aspirin after CABG surgery. Longer-term follow-up is required to fully evaluate a potential benefit of ticagrelor DAPT on clinical events.²¹

Individual RCTs investigating the effect of ticagrelor monotherapy vs aspirin after CABG surgery have not shown an effect on saphenous vein graft failure but have all been limited by the small sample size.^9,11 In this meta-analysis, ticagrelor monotherapy was not associated with a significant difference in the risk of saphenous vein graft failure compared with aspirin, but the pooled estimate was compatible with a potential benefit of ticagrelor monotherapy. Because ticagrelor monotherapy was not associated with a significant difference in the risk of bleeding events compared with aspirin, its role as a treatment option after CABG surgery requires further investigation.

This study has several limitations. First, the pooled analysis is subject to the limitations of the original RCTs, including the open-label treatment allocation in 1 of them, although outcome adjudication was blinded in all RCTs. Second, there was heterogeneity in surgical technique and postoperative management across the included RCTs. Third, the duration of ticagrelor DAPT and timing of follow-up ranged from 3 to 12 months across the included RCTs. Fourth, the analysis was not designed to evaluate differences in clinical outcomes between groups. Lastly, protocol-directed imaging was missing in 9.1% of patients. However, patient characteristics were balanced across randomization groups for patients who underwent imaging, and the results for the primary outcome were consistent after multiple imputation of missing data.

In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, adding ticagrelor to aspirin was associated with a significantly decreased risk of vein graft failure. However, this was accompanied by a significantly increased risk of clinically important bleeding.

Corresponding Author: Mario Gaudino, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, 525 E 68th St, New York, NY 10065 (mfg9004@med.cornell.edu).

Accepted for Publication: June 23,2022.

Author Contributions: Drs Sandner and Redfors had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Drs Sandner and Redfors contributed equally.

Concept and design: Sandner, Fremes, Mehran, Peper, Ruel, Zhao, Zhu, Gaudino.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Sandner, Redfors, Angiolillo, Audisio, Fremes, Janssen, Kulik, Peper, Ruel, Saw, Soletti, Starovoytov, ten Berg, Willemsen, Gaudino.

Drafting of the manuscript: Sandner, Redfors, Kulik, Gaudino.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors.

Statistical analysis: Redfors, Kulik, Gaudino.

Obtained funding: Janssen, Ruel.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Janssen, Ruel, Saw, Soletti, Starovoytov.

Supervision: Angiolillo, Janssen, Soletti, Starovoytov, ten Berg, Willemsen, Gaudino.

Other - protocol review: Willemsen.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Sandner reported receiving institutional research grants from Vascular Grafts Solutions outside the submitted work. Dr Angiolillo reported receiving consulting fees or honoraria from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Haemonetics, Janssen, Merck, PhaseBio, PLx Pharma, Pfizer, and Sanofi; and research grants to his institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Biosensors, CeloNova, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co, Merck, Novartis, Osprey Medical, Renal Guard Solutions, and the Scott R. MacKenzie Foundation. Dr Janssen reported receiving grants from AstraZeneca funding for the POPular CABG trial during the conduct of the study. Dr Kulik reported receiving grants from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study. Dr Mehran reported receiving research grants from Abbott, Abiomed, Alleviant Medical, AM-Pharma, Applied Therapeutics, Arena, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Beth Israel Deaconess, Biosensors, Biotronik, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boston Scientific Research, CardiaWave Research, CellAegis, CeloNova, CERC, Chiesi, Concept Medical, CSL Behring, Daiichi Sankyo Inc, Duke University, Humacyte, Idorsa Pharmaceuticals, Insel Gruppe AG, Janssen, Medtronic, Novartis, OrbusNeich, Philips, Vivasure, and Zoll, all to her institution; serving as a consultant to the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine; serving on the scientific advisory board of the American Medical Association; serving on the advisory boards of CERC (Biosnsors), Abbott, Arena, Biotronik, CardiaWave, Chiesi, Concept Medical, Humacyte, Magenta, Novartis, and Philips, all to her institution; serving on the board of the American College of Cardiology, and as a committee member of the Women in Innovations of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography, all to her institution; serving as an unpaid faculty of the Cardiovascular Research Foundation; receiving personal fees from Cine-Med, Janssen, and WebMD; receiving less than 1% of equity in Applied Therapeutics Equity, Elixir Medical, Stel, and ControlRad Equity (spouse) outside the submitted work; and having other financial or nonfinancial interests in Boston Scientific Corp and divested final stock options of less than 1% in Claret Medical. Dr Saw reported receiving grants from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work and serving as the principal investigator for the TAP-CABG study. Dr ten Berg reported receiving speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Celecor and institutional research grants from AstraZeneca and ZonMw. Dr Willemsen reported receiving grants from AstraZeneca funding of the POPular CABG trial during the conduct of the study. Dr Zhao reported receiving grants from AstraZeneca during the conduct of the study and from Chugai Pharma China outside the submitted work. Dr Zhu reported receiving personal fees from Chugai Pharma China outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This study was supported using internal funds from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.